The Virginia class, also known as the SSN-774 class, is a class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (hull classification symbol SSN) in service with the United States Navy. The submarines are designed for a broad spectrum of open-ocean and littoral missions. They were conceived as a less expensive alternative to the Seawolf-class attack submarines, designed during the Cold War era, and they are planned to replace the older of the Los Angeles-class submarine, many of which have already been decommissioned. The class was developed under the codename Centurion, renamed to NSSN (New SSN) later on. The “Centurion Study” was initiated in February 1991. Virginia-class submarines will be acquired through 2043, and are expected to remain in service past 2060. Based on recent updates to the designs, some of the Virginia-class submarines are expected to still be in service in 2070.
Design of NSSN Virginia Class submarines
The engineering teams and design and build teams at Electric Boat in partnership with the Naval Sea Systems Command, NAVSEA, of the US Navy have used extensive CAD/CAE simulation systems to optimise the design of the submarine.
The hull size is length 377ft by beam 34ft and the displacement is 7,300t dived, which is smaller than the more expensive Seawolf attack submarine with displacement 9,137t dived.
The hull structure contains structurally integrated enclosures, which accommodate standard 19in and 24in width equipment for ease of installation, repair and upgrade of the submarine’s systems.
The submarine is fitted with modular isolated deck structures, for example the submarine’s command centre will be installed as one single unit resting on cushioned mounting points. The submarine’s control suite is equipped with computer touch screens.
The submarine’s steering and diving control is via a four-button, two-axis joystick.
The noise level of the Virginia is equal to that of the US Navy Seawolf, SSN 21, with a lower acoustic signature than the Russian Improved Akula Class and fourth-generation attack submarines. To achieve this low acoustic signature, the Virginia incorporates newly designed anechoic coatings, isolated deck structures and a new design of propulsor.
Goodrich is supplying high-frequency sail array acoustic windows and composite sonar domes.
Command system
The command and control systems module (CCSM) has been developed by a team led by Lockheed Martin Naval Electronics & Surveillance Systems – Undersea Systems (NE&SS-US) of Manassas, Virginia. It will integrate all of the vessel’s systems – sensors, countermeasure technology, navigation and weapon control and will be based on open system architecture (OSA) with Q-70 colour common display consoles.
Weapon control is provided by Raytheon with a derivative of the CCS mk2 combat system, the AN/BYG-1 combat control system, which is also being fitted to the Australian Collins Class submarines.
CCS mk2 combat system
The CCS MK2 Block 1A/B program was initiated to provide an overall responsiveness to evolving fleet requirements. The primary objectives include:
- Greater commonality with surface ship combat systems
- Improved Tomahawk strike capability
- Incorporate planned updates to baseline program
- Conform to SECNAV initiatives for open architecture systems
To satisfy these objectives, the CCS MK2 Block 1 A/B system architecture extends the CCS MK2 tactical system with a network of Tactical Advanced Computers (TAC-3). These TAC-3s are configured to support the SFMPL, NTCS-A, LINK-11 and ATWCS subsystems. In order to provide the ability to control and configure TAC-3 system software and hardware a resource management function will be developed. Resource management is defined as the control, monitoring, and querying of both software and hardware resources, locally and remotely. Software resources will include CPU utilization, virtual memory, processes, and Inter-Process Communication (IPC). Hardware resources will include CPU, RAM, disk, I/O channels, and peripherals, in addition to network resources such as socket communication usage, availability, and load.
- CCS MK2 Program D0 provides a modular software architecture, introduces Tomahawk Block 3 and Harpoon Block 1C capabilities, introduces Advanced Capability (ADCAP) on TRIDENT, and replaces obsolete equipment.
- CCS MK2 Program D0 Block 1 integrates CCS MK2 into AN/BSY-1 systems, replaces additional obsolete equipment, incorporates a direct interface to the Global Positioning System, incorporates Joint Maritime Command Information System (JMCIS) into CCS MK2, and implements Advanced Tomahawk Weapon Control System (ATWCS), Tomahawk Block IV, ADCAP torpedo improvements and several other miscellaneous enhancements. Navigation Sensor System Interface (NAVSSI) provides real-time, accurate positional and velocity information for distribution to Combat Control and other shipboard subsystems.
- CCS MK2 Program D0 Block 2 incorporates into submarine CCS anticipated upgrades to ADCAP, Tomahawk and Harpoon, and implements additional OER. AN/BSG-1 (formerly known as Tomahawk Land Attack Missile – Nuclear (TLAM-N) Portable Launching System (PLS)) provides SSN Submarines with a stand alone TLAM-N M issile launching capability.
The CCS MK2 Program D0 Block 1C program has been adjusted to maximize foreground software commonality with the NSSN Combat Control program. Due to changes in the TOMAHAWK Baseline Improvement Program (TBIP), OPNAV has directed TOMAHAWK Block IV missile capability be deferred and accomplished as an Engineering Change to the existing program baseline. TOMAHAWK Block IV capability has been deferred allowing for shortened and consolidated test events. The net result is a single Milestone III for all variants of CCS MK2 Block 1C by May 2000. Source fas.org
AN/BYG-1 combat control system
Source gentleseas.blogspot.com
AN/BYG-1 combat control system
The Virginia has two mast-mounted Raytheon submarine high data rate (sub HDR) multiband satellite communications systems that allow simultaneous communication at super high frequency (SHF) and extremely high frequency (EHF).
Weapon systems
The submarine is equipped with 12 vertical missile launch tubes and four 533mm torpedo tubes. The vertical launching system has the capacity to launch 16 Tomahawk submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLCM) in a single salvo. There is capacity for up to 26 mk48 ADCAP mod 6 heavyweight torpedoes and sub harpoon anti-ship missiles to be fired from the 21in torpedo tubes. Mk60 CAPTOR mines may also be fitted.
Virginia Payload module will increase cruise missiles on Virginia Submarines by 76%
The US Navy plans to build one of the two Virginia-class boats procured in FY2019, and all Virginia class boats procured in FY2020 and subsequent years, with an additional mid-body section, called the Virginia Payload Module (VPM). The VPM, reportedly about 70 feet in length (earlier design concepts for the VPM were reportedly about 94 feet in length), contains four large diameter, vertical launch tubes that would be used to store and fire additional Tomahawk cruise missiles or other payloads, such as large-diameter unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs).
The four additional launch tubes in the VPM could carry a total of 28 additional Tomahawk cruise missiles (7 per tube), which would increase the total number of torpedo-sized weapons (such as Tomahawks) carried by the Virginia class design from about 37 to about 65—an increase of about 76%. The Navy wants to start building Virginia-class boats with the VPM in FY2019. Building Virginia-class boats with the VPM would compensate for a sharp loss in submarine force weapon-carrying capacity that will occur with the retirement in FY2026-FY2028 of the Navy’s four Ohio-class cruise missile/special operations forces support submarines (SSGNs). Source: nextbigfuture.com
Tomahawk launcher assembly
Image – ukarmedforcescommentary.blogspot.com
BAE to increase Virginia-class submarine launch tube production: Here
Tomahawk Cruise Missile
The Navy Just Got A SUPER Explosive New Toy [VIDEO]: Here
Navy Prototypes More Lethal New High-Tech Mk 48 Heavyweight Torpedo
Excerpt
The earlier version, the Mk 48 Mod 6, has been operational since 1997 – and the more recent Mod 7 has been in service since 2006.
Lockheed has been working on upgrades to the Mk 48 torpedo Mod 6 and Mod 7 – which consists of adjustments to the guidance control box, broadband sonar acoustic receiver and amplifier components.
Tom Jarbeau, Director and General Manager of Targets, Torpedoes and Sensors, Lockheed Martin, told Scout Warrior in an interview that Lockheed is now delivering 20-upgrade kits per month to the Navy.
Part of the effort, which involves a five-year deal between the Navy and Lockheed, includes upgrading existing Mod 6 torpedoes to Mod 7 as well as buying brand new Mod 7 guidance control sections.
The new Mod 7 is also resistant to advanced enemy countermeasures.
Modifications to the weapon improves the acoustic receiver, replaces the guidance-and-control hardware with updated technology, increases memory, and improves processor throughput to handle the expanded software demands required to improve torpedo performance against evolving threats, according to Navy information on the weapon.
The Mod also provides a significant reduction in torpedo radiated-noise signatures, a Navy statement said.
Alongside Lockheed’s work to upgrade the guidance technology on the torpedo, the Navy is also preparing to release a Request for Proposal, or RFP, to industry for a completion to build new Mk 48s.
Upgrades to the guidance control section in includes the integration of a system called Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System, or CBASS – electronics to go into the nose of the weapon as part of the guidance section, Jarbeau explained.
“This provides streamlined targeting and allows the torpedo to transmit and receive over a wider frequency band,” Jarbeau said.
Jarvo added that the new technology involves adjustments to the electronic circuitry in order to make the acoustic signals that are received from the system that allow the torpedo to better operate in its undersea environment. Source scout.com
Mk 48 Mod 7 CBASS submarine torpedoes
Excerpt
The CBASS broadband sonar makes the torpedo more effective against emerging submarine classes in the harshest of acoustic environments, Lockheed Martin officials say. The Mark 48 Mod 7 CBASS torpedo uses modern commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies in an open-architecture computing environment, and can be improved with regular hardware and software upgrades.
(Edit: HD) Mk 48 Mod 7 CBASS schematic, the US Navy’s current heavyweight torpedo. Sonar transducer in front followed by the electronics, warhead, fuel tank, and engine. @imgur.com
The Mark 48 Mod 7 torpedo is standard armament for the Navy’s fleet of Los Angeles-, Virginia-, and Seawolf-class fast attack submarines, as well as Ohio-class ballistic-missile and cruise-missile submarines.
Mk 48 Mod 7 CBASS schematic, the US Navy’s current heavyweight torpedo. Sonar transducer in front followed by the electronics, warhead, fuel tank, and engine. @imgur.com
The Lockheed Martin Corp. Mission Systems and Training segment in Washington is building the Mark 48 Mod 7 CBASS heavyweight torpedo with advanced common broadband advanced sonar system for expanded operational capabilities for shallow waters along coastlines and inside harbors, as well as in the deep-water open ocean.
The CBASS torpedo also has the ability of multiband operation with active and passive homing; advanced counter-countermeasure capabilities; effectiveness against low-Doppler shallow submarines, fast deep diving submarines, and high-performance surface ships; autonomous fire-and-forget operation or wire-guide capability to enable post-launch monitoring and updates via the submarine combat system; and running Otto Fuel II as the propellant.
Detail: CBASS fuel tank containing Otto II fuel (wire reel on the right). @imgur.com
The Mark 48 Mod 7 CBASS torpedo can transmit and receive over a wide frequency band and use broadband signal processing techniques to improve the torpedo’s search, acquisition, and attack, Lockheed Martin officials say. Source militaryaerospace.com
General characteristics:
Primary Function: submarine-launched heavyweight torpedo
Manufacturer: Mod.1: Gould, Inc. / Honeywell ADCAP: Hughes Aircraft (now Raytheon)
Power Plant: swash-plate piston engine; pump jet (Otto fuel II)
Diameter: 21 inches (533 mm)
Length: 19 feet (5,79 m)
Weight: 3434 lb (1558 kg), original // 3695 lb (1676 kg), ADCAP
Range: > 25 NM (46 km)
Depth: > 1200 feet (365 m), officially // 800 meters (2620 feet), estimated
Speed: > 30 knots (56 km/h), officially // 55 knots (102 km/h), estimated
Warhead: 650 lb (295 kg)
In Service: 1971 – present (Mod 1) // 1988 – present (ADCAP)
Users: US Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy, Brazilian Navy Data seaforces.org
An integral lock-out / lock-in chamber is incorporated into the hull for special operations. The chamber can host a mini-submarine, such as Northrop Grumman’s Oceanic and Naval Systems advanced SEAL delivery system (ASDS), to deliver special warfare forces such as navy sea air land (SEAL) teams or Marine reconnaissance units for counter-terrorism or localised conflict operations.
Countermeasures
Virginia is fitted with the AN/WLY-1 acoustic countermeasures system being developed by Northrop Grumman, which provides range and bearing data, along with the mast-mounted AN/BLQ-10 electronic support measures (ESM) system from Lockheed Martin Integrated Systems.
AN/BLQ-10 provides full spectrum radar processing, automatic threat warning and situation assessment.
Sensors
The Virginia Class sonar suite includes bow-mounted active and passive array, wide aperture passive array on flank, high-frequency active arrays on keel and fin, TB 16 towed array and the Lockheed Martin TB-29A thinline towed array, with the AN/BQQ-10(V4) sonar processing system. A Sperry Marine AN/BPS-16(V)4 navigation radar, operating at I-band, is fitted.
TB-29 Thin Line Towed Array
Lockheed Martin TB-29A thinline towed array
The TB-29 submarine thin-line towed array is a Commercial Off-The-Shelf version of the legacy TB-29 towed array. These arrays will be used for back-fit on Los Angeles (SSN-688 and SSN-688I) submarines and forward-fit on the Virginia (SSN-774) class. Compared with the legacy array, the TB-29 uses COTS telemetry to significantly reduce the unit cost while maintaining equivalent array performance. Technical and Operational Evaluations are scheduled for FY 2001. The first three arrays will be delivered to the Fleet in FY 2002.
The AN/BQQ-5E sonar with the TB-29 towed array and Combat Control System (CCS) Mk 2, known collectively as the QE-2 System, provides a functionally equivalent system for the Los Angeles (SSN-688) and Ohio (SSBN-726)-class submarines. Enhancements include increases in acoustic performance, improved combat control capabilities and replacement of obsolete equipment. Source fas.org
AN/BQQ-10(V4) sonar processing system
The Acoustic Rapid COTS (Commercial off-The-Shelf) Insertion (A-RCI) program provides to the US Navy undersea superiority through significant acoustic processing upgrades to US Navy submarines. This program provides onboard software and hardware infrastructure. The A-RCI program is intended to replace AN/BSY-1, AN/BQQ-5 and AN/BQQ-6 systems. The A-RCI sonar system upgrade, also known as AN/BQQ-10, has been installed or has been scheduled for integration onto Los Angeles, Seawolf, Virginia (AN/BQQ-10(V4) model), Ohio and SSGN-classes submarines. It integrates and improves towed array, hull array, sphere array, and other ship sensor processing while enhancing fidelity. Since program inception in 1998, A-RCI systems have been installed on 44 submarines.
Lockheed-Martin was awarded a $70 million modification contract for production of six AN/BQQ-10(V) sonar systems, one AN/BQQ-10(V4) sonar system and economic order quantity material for three AN/BQQ-10(V4) sonar systems for Virginia-class submarines (SSN 774). Work was scheduled to be complete by March 2008. Source deagel.com
Sperry Marine BPS-15K/BPS-16(V)4 navigation radar
Image: cruisersforum.com
The AN/BPS-16 is an X-band, submarine radar intended to provide navigational safety, situational awareness and limited surveillance of low flying aircraft and helicopters. These radars were first deployed on the Ohio-class ballistic submarines and subsequently on the SSN 21-class and SSN 774-class nuclear-powered attack submarines. The radar system manufactured by Sperry Marine, a Northrop-Grumman subsidiary, presents a clutter-suppressed real-time picture of surface radar targets and geographic features. It also encompasses automatic radar-plotting aid software for the Virginia-class submarines and an upgrade of the Voyage Management System, which provides integrated navigation capability and complies with the Chief of Naval Operations’ directive for conversion of all U.S. Navy vessels to electronic charts. Source deagel.com
AN/BPS-16(v)5 radar sets to be installed on eight Virginia-class Block III submarines: Here
Excerpt
Northrop Grumman Corporation’s (NYSE: NOC) Sperry Marine business unit has been awarded a contract to supply navigation radar systems for eight new U.S. Navy nuclear attack submarines.
The firm, fixed-price contract, valued at $20.9 million, was awarded to Sperry Marine by Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C.
The contract calls for Sperry Marine to produce and deliver eight AN/BPS-16(v)5 radar sets to be installed on eight Virginia-class Block III submarines. The scope of work will include manufacturing, fabrication, assembly and testing.
The AN/BPS-16(v)5 is an advanced submarine navigation radar and electronic navigation system, which provides naval electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS-N) capability running on Sperry Marine’s Voyage Management System (VMS) software.
Two Kollmorgen AN/BVS-1 photonic masts
Image: marinetechnologynews.com
A photonics mast is different from a traditional submarine optical periscope in that the photonics mast does not penetrate into the submarine’s hull. Instead, it rises in a telescoping motion, similar to a car antenna. Sensors on the photonics mast interface to a remote-control console aboard the submarine.
Output from the photonics mast system can go to sophisticated computer workstations, and can be networked throughout the submarine. Each Virginia-class submarine will have two AN/BVS-1 photonics masts. Using a non-penetrating electro-optical system, rather than an optical periscope, gives submarine designers flexibility in locating the vessel’s sail, as well as in the boat’s interior layout.
Sensors mounted on the photonic mast include low-light television (LLTV), thermal imager, and laser rangefinder. The mast is the Universal Modular Mast developed by Kollmorgen and its Italian subsidiary, Calzoni. The submarine sensor suite performs surveillance, intelligence gathering, and electronic warfare, with a multispectral suite of a color and a monochrome high-definition TV cameras, a midwave infrared staring sensor, eye-safe laser rangefinder, as RF sensors.
The system brings infrared search and track (IRST) capabilities such as infrared and visual imaging, and digital image processing. A modified AN/BVS-1(V) is being developed for the Integrated Submarine Imaging System (ISIS) on guided-missile submarines as a replacement for the type 15L periscope. Source militaryaerospace.com
The submarines have two Kollmorgen AN/BVS-1 photonic masts, rather than optical periscopes. Sensors mounted on the non-hull-penetrating photonic mast include LLTV (low-light TV), thermal imager and laser rangefinder. The mast is the Universal Modular Mast developed by Kollmorgen and its Italian subsidiary, Calzoni.
The Boeing LMRS long-term mine reconnaissance system will be deployed on the Virginia Class. LMRS includes two 6m autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles, an 18m robotic recovery arm and support electronics.
LMRS includes two 6m autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles
Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems is supplying the lightweight, wide-aperture array (LWWAA) system based on fibre-optic arrays, instead of traditional ceramic hydrophone sensors.
LWWAA is a passive ASW sonar system which consists of three large array panels mounted on either side of the submarine’s hull.
Lightweight, wide-aperture array (LWWAA)
General data: | |
---|---|
Type: Hull Sonar, Passive-Only | Altitude Max: 0 m |
Range Max: 129.6 km | Altitude Min: 0 m |
Range Min: 0 km | Generation: Late 2000s |
Sensors / EW: |
---|
AN/BQG-5A LWWAA [BSY-2] – (Virginia) Hull Sonar, Passive-Only Role: Hull Sonar, Passive-Only Ranging Flank Array Search & Track Max Range: 129.6 km |
Source cmano-db.com
Lockheed Martin provided acoustic rapid commercial off-the-shelf insertion (A-RCI) hardware for the sonar system upgrade. The $25.1m contract was awarded in August 2009 and deliveries were completed in 2012.
Northrop Grumman Delivers First Block IV Light Weight Wide Aperture Array (LWWAA) Submarine Shipset
Northrop Grumman Corporation has delivered the first shipset of LWWAA hardware for Block IV of the Virginia Class Submarine to the U.S. Navy.
ANNAPOLIS, Md. – Nov. 28, 2016 – Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) has delivered the first shipset of LWWAA hardware for Block IV of the Virginia Class Submarine (VCS) to the U.S. Navy. This represents the 19th shipset that Northrop Grumman has supplied for the VCS program.
LWWAA is the only available fiber-optic passive hull mounted sensor array in the market and is critical to the operation of the U.S. Navy’s VCS fleet. The technology is central to the development of future generations of undersea sensors. There are six arrays in each shipset.
“LWWAA gives the Navy a distinctive edge over sensors being used by any other naval force,” said Alan Lytle, vice president, undersea systems, Northrop Grumman Mission Systems. “The early delivery of this first Block IV LWWAA shipset continues a tradition of 114 consecutive early array deliveries by Northrop Grumman Undersea Systems in support of the Virginia Class Submarine program.”
Northrop Grumman has been delivering LWWAA panels for all VCSs, starting with the USS Virginia, SSN-774. The start of the first Block IV shipments represents the beginning of a series of 10 shipments that will be delivered at a rate of two per year to Huntington Ingalls Industries. Northrop Grumman will provide the acoustic array assemblies as well as all the hardware required to install the arrays on the exterior of the ships. Source northropgrumman.com
LWWAA is the only available fiber-optic passive hull mounted sensor array in the market and is critical to the operation of the U.S. Navy’s VCS fleet.
In January 2011, an $84m contract was awarded to Lockheed Martin for submarine sonar upgrades.
Ships in the class
USS Virginia (SSN 774), Groton, CT |
USS Texas (SSN 775), Pearl Harbor, HI |
USS Hawaii (SSN 776), Pearl Harbor, HI |
USS North Carolina (SSN 777), Pearl Harbor, HI |
USS New Hampshire (SSN 778), Groton, CT |
USS New Mexico (SSN 779), Groton, CT |
USS Missouri (SSN 780), Groton, CT |
USS California (SSN 781), Groton, CT |
USS Mississippi (SSN 782), Pearl Harbor, HI |
USS Minnesota (SSN 783), Groton, CT |
USS North Dakota (SSN 784), Groton, CT |
USS John Warner (SSN 785), Norfolk, VA |
USS Illinois (SSN 786), Groton, CT |
Washington (SSN 787) – Keel laid Nov. 11, 2014 |
Colorado (SSN 788) – Keel laid March 7, 2015 |
Indiana (SSN 789) – Keel laid May 16, 2015 |
South Dakota (SSN 790) – Keel laid April 4, 2016 |
Delaware (SSN 791) – Keel laid April 30, 2016 |
Vermont (SSN 792) – Construction began May 2014 |
Oregon (SSN 793) – Construction began September 2014 |
Montana (SSN 794) – Construction began April 2015 |
Hyman G. Rickover (SSN 795) – Construction began September 2015 |
New Jersey (SSN 796) – Construction began March 2016 |
Iowa (SSN 797) – Construction began September 2016 |
Massachusetts (SSN 798) – Construction began March 2017 |
Idaho (SSN 799) – Under contract |
Arkansas (SSN 800) – Under contract |
Utah (SSN 801) – Under contract |
General Characteristics, Seawolf Class |
Builder: General Dynamics Electric Boat Division. |
Date Deployed: USS Seawolf commissioned July 19, 1997 |
Propulsion: One nuclear reactor, one shaft |
Length: SSNs 21 and 22: 353 feet (107.6 meters) SSN 23: 453 feet (138.07 meters) |
Beam: 40 feet (12.2 meters) |
Displacement: SSNs 21 and 22: 9,138 tons (9,284 metric tons) submerged; SSN 23 12,158 tons (12,353 metric tons) submerged |
Speed: 25+ knots (28+ miles per hour, 46.3+ kph) |
Crew: 140: 14 Officers; 126 Enlisted |
Armament: Tomahawk missiles, MK48 torpedoes, eight torpedo tubes. |
General Characteristics, Los Angeles Class |
Builder: Newport News Shipbuilding Co.; General Dynamics Electric Boat Division |
Date Deployed: Nov. 13, 1976 (USS Los Angeles) |
Propulsion: One nuclear reactor, one shaft |
Length: 360 feet (109.73 meters) |
Beam: 33 feet (10.06 meters) |
Displacement: Approximately 6,900 tons (7011 metric tons) submerged |
Speed: 25+ knots (28+ miles per hour, 46.3 +kph) |
Crew: 16 Officers; 127 Enlisted |
Armament: Tomahawk missiles, VLS tubes (SSN 719 and later), MK48 torpedoes, four torpedo tubes |
Source navy.mil
Propulsion
The main propulsion units are the GE pressure water reactor S9G, designed to last as long the submarine, two turbine engines with one shaft and a United Defense pump jet propulser, providing 29.84MW. The speed is over 25kt dived.
General Dynamics Electric Boat Division and Huntington Ingalls Industries Inc. – Newport News Shipbuilding.
USN
Tomahawk missiles, twelve VLS tubes, MK48 ADCAP torpedoes, four torpedo tubes
One nuclear reactor, one shaft
25+ knots
15 officers; 117 enlisted
Source military.com
Source: naval-technology.com/wiki/marinetechnologynews.com
Updated Jul 25, 2017
Pingback: ¡Olé! Magazyn | Aktualności | Olé Directo #162: Niezatapialna Łódź Podwodna?
Pingback: ¡Olé! Magazyn | Aktualności | Olé Directo #161: Prosto z Mercado (1)