Published : 2016-02-02 15:32
Updated : 2016-02-02 15:32
Two Chinese military planes recently entered the overlapping air defense identification zone of South Korea and China, prompting South Korea to ready a sortie of fighter jets, the Joint Chiefs of Staff said Tuesday.
The Chinese jets entered the zone near Jeju Island on Sunday and flew out of it after South Korea sent a warning message, according to JCS spokesman Jeon Ha-kyu.
“We took necessary surveillance and tactical measures adequately,” he said.
The ministry put fighter jets on standby in case the Chinese planes intruded into South Korean territory, he added.
The incident occurred amid a burgeoning stand-off between the Northeast Asian neighbors over the possibility that Seoul will introduce the advanced U.S. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system.
The Pentagon wants to deploy the THAAD unit on the peninsula, citing North Korea’s growing nuclear and missile threats.
But China is fiercely opposed to the plan, saying it is apparently aimed at curbing China’s military influence.
In 2013, South Korea expanded its own air defense identification zone, called KADIZ, to cover Ieodo, a submerged rock.
South Korea has scientific research facilities on Ieodo, which China also includes in its air defense identification zone. (Yonhap)
The Canadian Government is procuring a fleet of six ice-capable Harry DeWolf-Class Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS) to enhance the Royal Canadian Navy’s maritime surveillance capabilities. The first ship in the class entered the construction phase in September 2015 and is scheduled to be delivered in 2018.
The patrol vessels are intended to conduct armed seaborne surveillance and sovereignty in Canada’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as well as on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts. They are also capable of assisting the Canadian Coast Guard and other units of the Canadian Armed Forces in maritime support missions.
The lead ship in the class is named HMCS Harry DeWolf and the subsequent ships are named HMCS Margaret Brooke, HMCS Max Bernays, HMCS William Hall and HMCS Frédérick Rolette respectively.
Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship Project
The Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship (AOPS) project will deliver five ice-capable ships, with an option for a sixth, designated as the Harry DeWolf Class, after Canadian wartime naval hero Vice-Admiral Harry DeWolf. The official RCN ship’s class designation will be Arctic and Offshore Patrol Vessel (AOPV).
The AOPV will be capable of:
armed sea-borne surveillance of Canada’s waters, including the Arctic
providing government situational awareness of activities and events in these regions
cooperating with other partners in the Canadian Armed Forces and other government departments to assert and enforce Canadian sovereignty, when and where necessary.
Construction of the first AOPV began in 2015, with HMCS Harry DeWolf scheduled for delivery in 2018.
The announced names of the Harry DeWolf-class ships to date are:
HMCS Harry DeWolf (AOPV* 430)
HMCS Margaret Brooke (AOPV* 431)
HMCS Max Bernays (AOPV* 432)
HMCS William Hall (AOPV* 433)
HMCS Frédérick Rolette (AOPV* 434)
* Official RCN ship’s class designation
Source navy-marine.forces.gc.ca
Development history of the Harry DeWolf-Class development
The Canadian Government awarded a $9.3m preliminary contract to Irving Shipbuilding in July 2012 to review the design and specifications of the existing AOPS developed by Canada.
In March 2013, Canada and Irving Shipbuilding signed a definition contract worth $288m for the completion of the design phase of the vessels. The tasks performed under the definition contract were project management, three-phase engineering design, project implementation proposal document, test production module, and long-lead items procurement.
shipsforcanada.ca
Irving Shipbuilding uses a progressive build approach to construct the AOPS. Over the course of time, 63 smaller units become 21 larger blocks, which become 3 mega-blocks. We will use the same progressive build approach for the Canadian Surface Combatants. Source shipsforcanada.ca
The Canadian Government and Irving Shipbuilding signed a $2.3bn contract for the construction of six AOPS as part of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy (NSPS), in January 2015.
The ships will be built by the prime contractor Irving Shipbuilding at its Halifax Shipyard in Nova Scotia.
— Alexa MacLean 🏳️🌈 (@AlexaMacLean902) July 14, 2017
Canadian Navy’s first Arctic and Offshore patrol ship assembled:Here
The first Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship (AOPS) for Royal Canadian Navy, ‘HMCS Harry DeWolf’, has been assembled at Irving Shipbuilding’s Halifax Shipyard, last week, after the bow section of the first AOPS was transported.
The hull of the Harry DeWolf-Class vessels is designed to meet IACS PC 5+ requirements. Each vessel will have a length of 97m, beam of 19m, draught of 5.7m and a displacement of 5,800t. It will accommodate a crew of 45 members and will carry up to 40 people additionally.
The vessels can carry 8.5m-long multi-purpose rescue boats with a maximum speed of more than 35kt for rescue, personnel transfer and boarding missions. They can also deploy a 12m RCMP/JTF2/Navy mission-fit boarding/assault boat. The vehicle bay houses pick-up trucks, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and snowmobiles.
The flight-deck, located on the stern, supports operation of a variety of helicopters ranging from a small utility aircraft to the Royal Canadian Air Force’s CH-148 Cyclone maritime helicopter. The enclosed forecastle at the forward part of the ship is meant for protecting the foredeck machinery and workspace in challenging Arctic conditions.
The AOPS can be integrated with payloads such as underwater survey equipment and shipping containers. A 20t crane with self-loading and unloading capability will also be fitted on the ship.
Specifications:
Length: 103 metres
Beam: 19 metres
Complement: 65
Features:
Integrated Bridge Navigation System
Modern integrated bridge, from which control of navigation, machinery, and damage control systems can be performed.
Multi-Purpose Operational Space
Where operational planning and mission execution will be coordinated.
BAE Mk 38 Gun
Remote controlled 25 mm gun to support domestic constabulary role.
Enclosed Focsle/Cable Deck
Protects foredeck machinery and workspace from harsh Arctic environment.
Helicopter Capability
Depending on the mission, the embarked helicopter could range from a small utility aircraft right up to the new CH-148 maritime helicopter.
Cargo/Payloads
Multiple payload options such as shipping containers, underwater survey equipment, or a landing craft. Ship has a 20-tonne crane to self-load/unload.
Vehicle Bay
For rapid mobility over land or ice, the ship can carry vehicles such as pickup trucks, ATVs, and snowmobiles.
Diesel/Electric Propulsion
Propulsion: two 4.5 propulsion MW (induction) motors, and four 3.6 MVA generators.
Retractable Active Fin Stabilizers
Deployed to reduce ship roll for open ocean operations, retracted for operations in ice.
Multi-Role Rescue Boats
Top speed of 35+ knots, 8.5 metres long. Will support rescues, personnel transfers, or boarding operations.
Bow Thrusters
To enable manoeuvring or berthing without tug assistance.
Source navy-marine.forces.gc.ca
Bridge and sensors
Irving Shipbuilding
The integrated bridge system of the Harry DeWolf-Class ships will serve as the controlling and operating station. The bridge will be fitted with navigation systems, damage-control systems and machinery. It will have multi-purpose operational space to support mission execution and operation-planning.
The ship will be equipped with modern surface search radars and state-of-the-art sensors. Its command, control and communication capability will facilitate transmission of real-time information between the AOPS and the Canadian Armed Forces Maritime Security Operations Centres.
TRS-3D/16-ES multimode acquisition 3D radar
Depending on the activated radar mode, the detection range of the radar covers up to 200 km and the corresponding update times between 1 and 6 seconds.TRS-3D/16-ES is a fully coherent multi-mode phased array C-band radar capable of fully automatic detection, track initiation, and classification of various types of targets. Even under severe clutter conditions encountered in the littoral, it detects and tracks with a particular emphasis on small, fast and low-flying aircraft, missiles, hovering helicopters and asymmetric threats. This ensures minimal operator workload and maximises operational effectiveness.
TRS-3D/16-ES supports the full operational capabilities of several self-defence missile systems, and can serve as a stand-alone radar for the surveillance and self-defence requirements of single-radar ships operating in littoral waters, or as the self-defence radar on large frigates and multi-radar ships.
For weapon support and target assignment, TRS-3D/16-ES supplies reliable target data instantaneously. It features the high tracking accuracy to permit deployment of different types of missiles against aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Thanks to the accuracy of the gun-fire support mode, a dedicated fire control system for surface targets is not required.
TRS-3D/16-ES operating in NATO G-Band is the best compromise for long-range detection performance, short reaction times, and the required accuracy for cueing weapon systems and dedicated fire control sensors.
The lightweight primary antenna is fitted with an integrated Mode 5/S-capable IFF antenna.
TRS-3D/16-ES is able to correlate the primary and secondary radar plots/ tracks within its own radar tracker to provide even higher quality data to the combat management system.
Functional Capabilities
3D air volume surveillance with fast target alert
High resolution surface surveillance
Small target detection capability
Target designation to combat management system for AAW and AsuW
Surface gun fire support with splash detection
Ship-controlled helicopter approach (SCA) support
Support of helicopter control
High-performance ECCM functions
High resistance to EMI/ECM
Jammer suppression
Suppression of environmental clutter
Support for target classification
IFF interrogation support
Support of various combat management systems
Surveillance
Especially designed for littoral operations avoiding blind sectors over land
Reliable automatic track initiation and operation independent of clutter situation for surface and air targets
Handling of 400 tracks per 360° independent of air and surface tar-get mix
Full MTD operation for complete instrumented range in all modes
Use of digital geographical charts and adaptive clutter maps to optimise situational awareness
Self-Defence
Fully automatic detection, track initiation and tracking of all sea and air targets, as well as jammer avoidance/ cancellation
Target classification of sea targets such as small, medium and large ships, air targets such as helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft, as well as highly threatening targets such as sea skimmer missiles and high divers
Rapid reaction time (fast alert)
Low operator workloads
Gun Fire Support
The dual target gun fire support mode allows the use of medium-caliber guns without the need for an electro-optical or radar tracker
A fast 1s update rate for the detection of high-explosive projectile splashes with tailored waveforms
Adapted signal and data processing to detect sea targets and shell splashes
Kongsberg CCTV systems for Canadian Navy’s new patrol ships
Kongsberg Maritime announced February 1 that it has been selected by L-3 MAPPS to provide the CCTV system for the Royal Canadian Navy’s new class of Arctic Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS).
L-3 MAPPS is one of the suppliers to Irving Shipbuilding, a prime contractor delivering the AOPS vessels as a part of the Canadian National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy (NSPS).
David Fleming, Camera Systems Manager for Kongsberg Maritime, said: “Further to our recent CCTV supply for the Halifax-class frigates IPMS upgrade we are delighted to be able to leverage from our proven marine & naval camera technologies to support L-3 MAPPS, Irving Shipbuilding and RCN on the prestigious AOPS Program which is a key milestone in the renewal of Canada’s combatant fleet.”
The CCTV system will provide the crew with real time video surveillance to assist with mission critical operations as well as providing safety, security and situational awareness on board the new build AOPS vessels.
According to Kongsberg, the deliverables will include a combination of harsh environment CCTV cameras and cameras that have been adapted to meet the demands of RCN and the challenging Arctic environment such as an upgraded version of the proven Kongsberg Maritime Helicopter Operations Surveillance System (HOSS), which will assist in monitoring of the take-off and landing operations of the CH-148 Cyclone naval helicopters that the vessels will support.
AOPS is a Government of Canada procurement project for the RCN. The project is expected to equip the Canadian Forces with six naval ice-capable offshore patrol ships. The first Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship is scheduled to be delivered in 2018.
Earlier in 2016, Kongsberg Maritime has landed another contract to supply its camera systems to the U.S. Coast Guard vessel Polar Star. Source navaltoday.com
Armament of Harry DeWolf-Class AOPS
The offshore patrol vessels will be armed with BAE Systems’ remote-controlled 25mm MK 38 machine gun, which features an M242 cannon and a highly accurate gun targeting and surveillance system.
Description
The MK-38 is a 25-mm machine gun installed for ship self-defense to counter High Speed Maneuvering Surface Targets (HSMST).
Background
The MK 38 MOD 0 25mm MGS replaced the MK 16 20mm gun system and was then later upgraded to a MK 38 MOD 1 MGS. A total of 387 MK 38 MOD 1 MGSs were procured and deployed in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). In 2003, the chief of Naval Operations (CNO) directed the Navy to pursue a simple, stabilized, low cost solution for outfitting near-term deployers to counter small boat threats. The Navy began fielding the Mk 38 MOD 2 in 2005. Due to the success of the MK 38 MOD 2 MGS, the program scope was expanded in July 2012 to add several ship classes and to develop a modification to the system. This modification is known as the MK 38 MOD 3 which is a technical refresh of the MK 38 MOD 2. The first MK 38 MOD 3 is to be fielded in FY17. As of 2016, 307 MK 38 MOD 2 systems have been delivered. There are 50 MK 38 MOD 3s on contract. The total POR is for 517 systems.
Installed aboard CG, CVN, DDG, FFG, LSD, LPD, LHD, LHA, LCC, MK VI, PC, OSV and USCG FRC class ships and planned for installation aboard AS and USCG offshore patrol cutter (OPC) class ships, the MK 38 MGS is a low cost, stabilized self-defense weapon system that dramatically improves ships’ self-defense capabilities.
Mk38 25mm gun remote control station
General Characteristics
Primary Function: (Mod 1) Single barrel, air cooled, semi- and full-automatic, manually trained and elevated machine gun system.
Contractor: Contractor Mod 1: Designed and assembled by Crane Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center; components procured from various contractors.
Date Deployed: 1986.
Contractor Mod 2/3: BAE Systems Minneapolis, Minnesota; Rafael, Haifa, Israel.
Date Deployed: 2005; 280 systems installed as of December 2016.
Date Deployed: 2005.
Range: 2500 yards (effective range)
Type Fire: Single shot or Burst Mode; Maximum 180 rounds per minute automatic.
Caliber: 25 mm (1 inch).
Guidance System: Mod 1: N/A, manually trained and elevated.
Mod 2/3: Stabilized, remote control with electro-optic fire control system and auto-tracking capability
Source navy.mil
The remote gun mount on the bow of Harry DeWolf – halifaxshippingnews.ca
Propulsion and performance details
The power plant of the Harry DeWolf-Class patrol vessels will consist of two 4,500kW main propulsion motors and four 3,600kW generators. A bow thruster will be installed in the bottom of the vessel enables berthing or manoeuvring without using tugs. The retractable active fin stabilisers will reduce the roll motion of the ship.
The vessel will have an open water speed of 17k and endurance of 120 days, and will reach a range of 6,800nm at a speed of 14k. It will be capable of operating in 1m-thick ice.
Contractors involved with the AOPS project
BAE Systems was awarded a contract by Irving Shipbuilding to deliver six modified 25mm MK 38 machine guns, spare parts and support services for the AOPS in August 2015.
Irving Shipbuilding awarded an implementation subcontract to Lockheed Martin Canada to integrate command and surveillance system into the AOPS.
Irving Shipbuilding also awarded subcontracts to GE Canada for the integrated propulsion system, Lloyd’s Register Group for classification of the vessels, Odense Maritime Technology (OMT) for marine engineering and naval architecture, and Fleetway for integrated logistics support.
Divine Eagle: How much of a threat is China’s new high-flying drone to US air superiority?
The US has led the way in the use of stealth aircraft in combat. Now the game could soon be up, as scientists in China and Russia are discovering ways to make the invisible visible. Mark Piesing reports
Fly bye: the F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter could become an outdated weapon Rex Features
In May, grainy pictures emerged of a huge new twin-fuselage, high-altitude Chinese drone called the Divine Eagle. Those in the know instantly labelled it the “stealth-hunting drone”. Stealth technology is the equivalent of electronic camouflage for planes, making them hard for enemy radar to spot – but the Chinese drone is certainly big enough to carry the special radars developed to detect stealth aircraft. It’s able to fly high enough to detect them long before they can reach their targets. Its radar is rumoured to have been able to pick out an American stealth F-22 Raptor off the coast of South Korea almost 500km away.
To some analysts, the Chinese drone represents the death of stealth – for others, merely a serious threat to the future of the technology on which America has based its air superiority.
Stealth, or “low observable technology”, is a combination of aircraft design, tactics and electronic countermeasures designed to make planes less visible to radar and other systems, which the US has pioneered. As well as trying to create the lowest possible radar signature by getting rid of the tail, it also tries to reduce things such as infrared emissions from the engine exhaust and electromagnetic emissions from the computers on board. Stealth tactics involve looking for gaps in air-defence systems.
When people think of stealth aircraft, they tend to picture the triangular black F-117 stealth fighter and B-2 bombers that penetrated Saddam Hussein’s much-vaunted air defences at the start of both Gulf wars – or perhaps the troubled Lockheed F-35 Lightning stealth fighter programme on which the UK has gambled the future of its aircraft carriers. However, the Horten Ho 229 flying wing developed by the Nazis during the Second World War was probably the first. While the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird spy plane used some basic stealth technology, the great leap forward in stealth really occurred in the 1970s with the Lockheed Have Blue project to develop a stealth fighter. This programme led directly to the F-117 and B-2.
weibo.com, tiexue.net, cdjby.net – Divine Eagle -The Divine Eagle is a low observable, high altitude UAV meant detect stealth aircraft at long ranges, using special purpose radars. This low resolution photo shows that similar to the port (left) side seen in the next photo below, the starboard (right) side of the fuselage is also colored grey.
Since photos in May 2015 emerged of the Divine Eagle, China’s giant UAV has been getting a lots of international attention. With its giant, double bodied design, carrying high performance anti-stealth radars, the drones are a potential key part of China’s offensive and defensive military strategy in the coming years. Formations of Divine Eagle UAVs are expected to provide an early warning line to detect threats to China’s airspace, like cruise missiles and stealth bombers, as well as be able to take on such missions as hunting for aircraft carriers in the open waters of the Pacific.
Blitzo at China Defense Forum – Divine Eagle – By using the single deck bus in the background (probably 3.2 meters tall, like most buses of its type) as a very crude visual yardstick, a very rough comparison suggests that the Divine Eagle is about 6 meters tall, and 15 meters long (since most high altitude large UAVs have a wingspan to body length ratio of 2.5:1 to 3:1, the wingspan of the Divine Eagle is likely its be 35 to 45 meters across). With a maximum take off weight of at least 15 tons, the Divine Eagle is the world’s largest UAV, edging out the RQ-4 Global Hawk.
In late June 2015, new photos emerged of the Divine Eagle prototype, allowing a clearer look at its details. The Divine Eagle has a single engine nestled between its tailfins, with a diameter of over 1 meter. This makes the engine likely to be a medium non-afterburning turbofan producing 3 to 5 tons of thrust, which in turn is usually enough to power a UAV of 12-18 tons in maximum takeoff weight. In comparison, the largest American UAV in open service, the RQ-4 Global Hawk, uses a F-137-RR-100 turbofan engine with 3.4 tons of thrust. The Divine Eagle has a five wheel landing gear layout. The double bodied layout was chosen in order to provide the surface area for carrying large radars, while minimizing internal volume and weight.
Iron Eagle via Weibo – Color in the Eagle – This CGI offers a view of the differing yellow, green and grey blue primer coatings on the Divine Eagle suggest the usage of different materials like composite and aluminum alloys for different sections of the UAV. For example, the grey blue forward dome on the port (left) body is likely to contain a satellite dish for long distance communications, while the grey blue sections on the twin bodied fuselage likely house radar arrays.
By using the single deck bus in the background (probably 3.2 meters tall, like most buses of its type) as a very crude visual yardstick, a very rough comparison suggests that the Divine Eagle is 6 meters tall, and 15 meters long (since most high altitude large UAVs have a wingspan to body length ratio of 2.5:1 to 3:1, the wingspan of the Divine Eagle is likely its be 35 to 45 meters across). The differing yellow, green and grey blue primer coatings on the Divine Eagle suggest the usage of different materials like composite and aluminum alloys for different sections of the UAV. For example, the grey blue forward dome on the port (left) body is likely to contain a satellite dish for long distance communications, suggesting that the material used in the grey blue sections are likely to be highly permeable to electromagnetic waves. The grey blue is also to be found on the starboard side of the right body (facing outside), and if the airframe composition is symmetrical, likely to be found on the portside of the left body (also facing out). Such electromagnetic permeables are likely to house the Divine Eagle’s long range anti-stealth radars (radomes are made of radar transparent materials), indicating that its radar arrays are 10 meters long, which suggests transmitting lower frequency (L and S Band) radar waves (most stealth aircraft are optimized to evade higher frequency, such as X band, radar). The green primer likely covers lightweight materials such as composite, while the yellow primer near the engine suggests some stronger metal alloy, probably to support the engine weight and height.
Hongjian via China Defense Forum – Divine Eagle Hunts – The offensive applications of the Divine Eagle are demonstrated here, as two Divine Eagles mark out not just the enemy aircraft carrier, but also its escorting warships and aviation wing, while vectoring friendly aircraft and ships into combat. One presumes that the Divine Eagle would also be able to find targets for the infamous DF-21D anti-ship ballistic missile.
There is much to learn about the system, but its significance is great. Given the long endurance of the huge Divine Eagle, it could in the future take on tasks that range from watching over China’s manmade South China Sea islands to tailing foreign warships in waters near and far.
China’s Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAV is probably an interferometer
Form follows function.
Why would China build a complex double-body aircraft instead of a single large fuselage (like the Global Hawk)?
The only scientific explanation is an interferometer.
Satellites in space (where there is no air) can fly in fix formations and perform as a single larger interferometer. An example is China’s NOSS (ie. Naval Ocean Surveillance Satellite) triple satellite formation.
The problem with aircraft is air turbulence. It’s difficult to maintain a fixed distance between two radar receivers.
Thus, China’s Divine Eagle UAV has two long connected fuselages to serve as an interferometer that detects longer-wavelength L-band electromagnetic waves.
As a reminder, an interferometer dramatically increases the resolution (or clarity) of a returned radar signal. However, it does not affect the range of the radar. Also, an interferometer requires an atomic clock to time-stamp the two sets of images (or data) and allow post-processing algorithms to refine the picture.
Question: If NASA can create an L-band interferometer on a single fuselage airplane, why did China use a double-body design?
Answer: China needs longer range. Thus, the emitters (e.g. two L-band radars in the radomes) have to be much larger to allow for more power. This would explain the two large radomes on China’s Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAV.Also, China could be using a VHF interferometer. The two long fixed-distance fuselages would allow for the transmission and reception of long-wavelength VHF signals.
More T/R modules in bulbous radomes result in a more powerful L-band AESA radar
An L-band AESA radar is based on individual transmit/receive (T/R) modules. By increasing the number of modules in the bulbous radomes, the number of constructive interference waves has been increased. This results in increased range. Another way of expressing the increased range is to say there has been an increase in the power of the radar.
The L-band radar is more powerful, because more T/R modules have been placed in the radomes of the Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAV. ———-
VHF wavelength starts at 1 meter and requires the length of the Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAVSince VHF wavelength is one meter and higher, very few VHF T/R modules can be placed in the radomes. Thus, due to the constraints imposed by physics, the only place to locate a VHF AESA radar with reasonable resolution is along the length of the fuselage.To achieve interferometry, it would require two fuselages at a fixed distance from each other. The Chinese Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAV fulfills both requirements.
———-By the way, an atomic clock is a small box and could easily be carried on-board the Divine Eagle UAV.
“Rubidium clocks are the most compact method of atomic time keeping. These are commonly used on satellites.”
Divine Eagle UAV is most likely an interferometer based on China’s fourth-generation airborne L-band AESA radar
China’s Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAV is probably the world’s first military airborne L-band radar interferometer.
China is an expert at L-band phased array radars. An example is the Chinese ground-based YLC-2 L-band phased array radar.
The Chinese Divine Eagle UAV should be a continuation of China’s miniaturization in airborne L-band phased array anti-stealth technology.
1st generation: KJ-200 “balance beam” AEW&C with L-band phased array radar (first flight November 2001)
2nd generation: KJ-2000 Mainring AWACS with L-band phased array radar (first flight 2003)
3rd generation: ZDK-03 AEW&C with L-band phased array radar (first flight November 2010)*
4th generation: Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAV L-band interferometer (2015)
China has 15 years of experience with airborne phased array L-band radars. We expect China’s software algorithms and filters to be optimized for L-band radar interferometry.
China’s KJ-2000 AWACS and passive detector Divine Eagle L-band UAV would be a devastating anti-stealth combination
According to Australia Air Power, China’s KJ-2000 AWACS uses L-band radar to search for stealth aircraft.
The distance from the KJ-2000 AWACS L-band radar emitter to the target is 470km. The distance from the target to the radar receiver on the KJ-2000 AWACS is another 470km. Thus, the total distance from the KJ-2000 AWACS L-band radar emitter to the receiver is 940km.
By using the KJ-2000 AWACS with a silent listening partner in the Divine Eagle (which has an extremely sensitive L-band interferometer), the KJ-2000 AWACS can illuminate a stealth aircraft at 840km and have the Divine Eagle pick up the signal at 100km away from the target.
By figuratively separating the receiver from the KJ-2000 AWACS and moving it much further down the field, a stealth aircraft can be detected at an extreme range of 840km by the Divine Eagle anti-stealth UAV.
Divine Eagle UAV is a 10,000 T/R module L-band Interferometer
Whether you use the bus or the UAV itself as a benchmark, the height of the Divine Eagle UAV is about 1.5 meter in height.
“By using the single deck bus in the background (probably 3.2 meters tall, like most buses of its type) as a very crude visual yardstick, a very rough comparison suggests that the Divine Eagle is about 6 meters tall….”
———- The radome is usually equidistant in the vertical and horizontal directions. This means the horizontal width of the Divine Eagle UAV radome is about 1.5 meters. The Divine Eagle interferometer has a diameter of 5 radomes or 7.5 meters.
The diameter of the Divine Eagle L-band interferometer is 7.5 meters. L-band is 0.15m. However, the transmit/receive (T/R) module of an AESA radar is built with a half-wave dipole antenna design. In the case of L-band, the half-wave of 0.15m is 0.075m.
7.5 meters / 0.075 meter per T/R module = 100 T/R modules horizontally
———-
An AESA radar is mostly circular in shape. The horizontal and vertical lengths are approximately equal.
The calculation of a square 100 T/R module (horizontally) x 100 T/R module (vertically) AESA radar is a close approximation of an actual circular AESA radar.
100 T/R modules horizontally x 100 T/R modules vertically = 10,000 T/R modules in total
———- Divine Eagle L-band interferometer is eight times more sensitive than F-35 X-band AESA radar.
10,000 Divine Eagle L-band T/R module interferometer / 1,200 F-35 X-band T/R module AESA radar = Eight times greater sensitivity based on module count
Why does China’s Divine Eagle UAV have a maximum altitude of 79,000 feet?
According to Popular Science, China’s Divine Eagle UAV has a maximum altitude of 25km (or 79,000 feet).
In contrast, the US Global Hawk has a maximum altitude of only 18km (or 57,000 feet).
Why is there a huge difference of 22,000 feet between China’s Divine Eagle and the US Global Hawk?
The most likely explanation is the two UAVs are designed for different roles.
The US Global Hawk was designed for reconnaissance. It is looking for ground targets.
The Chinese Divine Eagle UAV was designed to detect stealth fighters and bombers.
The total path length from a KJ-2000 AWACS transmitter-(to target)-(to receiver) is about 900km. By using a passive Divine Eagle UAV L-band receiver, it permits a much earlier detection of a stealth aircraft by about 200 to 300km (or 120 to 180 miles). By flying at nearly 80,000 feet, the Divine Eagle passive receiver can avoid being illuminated by the KJ-2000 AWACS L-band radar.
Alternatively, a high-flying Divine Eagle UAV can use its UHF/VHF dual-fuselage interferometer to detect a stealth aircraft. If the Divine Eagle was flying at the same altitude as an F-22, the other fuselage would block the transmission/reception of the UHF/VHF array. By flying at nearly 80,000 feet, the Divine Eagle dual-fuselage interferometer would have an unobstructed view of a stealth aircraft.
The Chinese KJ-2000 AWACS has a service ceiling of 42,651 feet.[1]
The American F-22 has a service ceiling of 60,000 feet.[2]
China’s first indigenously-developed heavy military transport aircraft, Y-20, was built by Xi’an Aircraft Industry (Group), a part of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), for the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). It is also the biggest domestic strategic airlifter ever built in China.
The aircraft can be deployed in the transportation of personnel and heavy equipment during military assault, and humanitarian assistance and peacekeeping missions. It can also be configured for airborne early warning and control (AEW&C), anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and aerial refuelling missions.
“The first Xian Y-20 prototype successfully made its first flight at Shaanxi Yanliang Aviation Base in January 2013.”
The successful maiden flight of the Y-20, China’s first domestically developed heavy air freighter, marks a step in the country’s goal of building a strategic air power, according to military experts and observers.
“A genuine strategic air power must possess a strong power projection capability, which is highly reliant on large aircraft, namely a strategic air freighter and a strategic bomber,” Wang Yanan, deputy editor-in-chief at Aerospace Knowledge magazine and a military analyst, said.
The first Xian Y-20 prototype successfully made its first flight at Shaanxi Yanliang Aviation Base in January 2013. The second prototype took into skies in December 2013. The aircraft was displayed at China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition 2014 (Airshow China) held in Zhuhai.
Third prototype (S/N 783)
The first aircraft entered service in July 2016, while the PLAAF needs 400 Y-20 transport aircraft.
Gareth Jennings, London – IHS Jane’s Defence Weekly
17 June 2016
The People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) has reportedly received the first of more than 1,000 Xian Aircraft Corporation (XAC) Y-20 heavy strategic transport aircraft.
Chinese social media reported the delivery of aircraft 11051 and 11052 to Chengdu-Qionglai Air Base on 15 June, though there has been no official confirmation.
News of the apparent delivery comes on the back of the maiden flight of the fifth prototype aircraft earlier this year, and a report by former Chinese test pilot Xu Yongling in January that the Y-20 had completed its developmental testing at the end of 2015.
Just days prior to the arrival of the first two aircraft at Chengdu-Qionglai Air Base, Chinese state media reported that the PLAAF needs more than 1,000 Y-20s to satisfy its strategic airlift needs (an increase on a 2014 stated requirement for up to 400).
While official specifications have not been disclosed, national media has attributed the four-turbofan Y-20 a payload of 66 tonnes, or 51 tonnes over 5,200 km. The Y-20 does not appear to have an aerial refuelling capability.
Russian and Ukrainian Antonov engineers are known to have served as design consultants on the Y-20, giving it a similar external appearance to the Antonov An-70 (minus the turboprops) which was co-developed by the erstwhile allies. The platform is also similar in appearance to the US-design Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. This could be down to industrial espionage, or it could just be that, when trying to achieve similar results using similar technologies, the Chinese came up with a similar looking solution. Source janes.com
Xian Y-20 development
Photo 81.com
The Y-20 project is part of an initiative to build China’s large transportation aircraft under the Medium-and Long-Term National Science and Technology Development Programme 2006-2020 (MLP).
Two major Chinese aviation companies, Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation and Xi’an Aircraft Corporation, expressed interest to develop the Y-20 aircraft, but Xi’an was announced as the manufacturer of Y-20 in 2007.
The 001 prototype (S/N 781) later wears a dark blue color scheme after being transferred to CFTE. The third prototype (S/N 783) made its maiden flight on December 16, 2013 and has been undergoing various tests at different locations. Additional prototypes were built and flew in 2015 including 785 and 788. The last prototype (789) flew for the first time on February 6, 2016. The last prototype (789) flew for the first time on February 6, 2016. It was reported in September 2015 that a pulse assembly line has been established at XAC and was ready for production. The R&D of Y-20A was reportedly completed by the end of 2015. The first two Y-20A (S/N 11051 & 11052) were handed over to PLAAF at XAC on June 15, 2016. They were formally inducted to PLAAF on July 6, 2016. They were expected to be followed by 2 more (11053 & 11054) by the end of 2016. Currently more Y-20As are being constructed at XAC. The latest image (August 2017) indicated at least 5 Y-20As are in service with PLAAF. Source chinese-military-aviation.blogspot.com
Design and features of Y-20 heavy airlifter
southfront.org
The aircraft features deep and wide fuselage for cargo section and T-tail empennage configuration with high-mounted horizontal surfaces on the vertical stabiliser. The centre fuselage is hinged with moderately sweptback, high-mounted monoplane wings integrating triple-slotted trailing-edge flaps. A pair of engine nacelle is fitted under each wing.
Cook Lee
hotbak.net
hotbak.net
Takk D. Martin
hotbak.net
Takk D. Martin
Takk D. Martin
The Y-20 airlifter has a glass cockpit, which accommodates three crew members. It features a rear cargo-loading assembly allowing the loading / unloading of large-sized cargo and equipment.
3g.163.com
The aircraft measures 44m to 47m in length and 18m-high, and has a wingspan of 50m. The maximum take-off weight of the aircraft is approximately 220t and the maximum payload carrying capacity is 66t.
Y-20 – chinese-military-aviation.blogspot.com
China needs ‘more than 1,000’ Xian Y-20 transport aircraft
Richard D Fisher Jr, Washington DC – IHS Jane’s Defence Weekly
07 June 2016
During a 1-7 June technology innovation exhibition in Beijing, an official from the state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) told the People’s Dailynewspaper that China required “more than 1,000” Xian Aircraft Corporation (XAC) Y-20 heavy strategic transport aircraft and that the country also plans to build transport aircraft comparable in size to that of the Antonov An-225 Mriya.
“More than 1,000 Y-20s will be needed,” Zhu Qian, head of AVIC’s Large Aircraft Development Office, told reporters, referring to the 200-tonne, 50- to 60-tonne cargo capacity, four turbofan-powered transport aircraft that first flew in January 2013.
While Zhu stated that this estimate “was based on the experience of the United States and Russia”, he did not provide any further details. In 2014 the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) National Defence University issued a report stating that China might require up to 400 Y-20 transport aircraft.
The People’s Daily also quoted a technical evaluation by China’s Aerospace Knowledge magazine as saying that the Y-20 can fly 5,200 km with a payload of 51 tonnes when fully fuelled. “This means it can reach everywhere in Europe and Asia, the US state of Alaska, Australia, and North Africa,” the paper said, adding that the aircraft has a maximum payload of 66 tonnes and a maximum take-off weight of more than 200 tonnes, according to military sources. The high payload means it can carry the PLA’s heaviest tank, the 58-tonne Type 99A2 main battle tank.
Zhu told the newspaper that China also plans to build “300-tonne, 400-tonne, and even 600-tonne aircraft”. In this context a 600-tonne aircraft would approach the size of the Antonov An-225 Mriya and the Airbus A380. Source janes.com
Strategic Airlift and Tactical Options
The large scale production of the Y-20 is a significant achievement of China’s state owned aviation industry, and forecasts China’s growing desire for a robust strategic airlift capability. Not only can the Y-20 transport a large amount of cargo or troops over a great distance, but it can even transport main battle tanks and other armored vehicles. With a maximum payload weight of 73 short tons, the Y-20 can transport the PLA’s most modern Type 99A or Type 96 MBTs, and any IFVs and APCs now in service. The aircraft has a maximum range exceeding 10,000 km (6,200 miles), and can carry a reduced payload of 40 short tons a range of 7,800 km. (4,850 miles). Range with the maximum payload of 73 short tons is approximately 4,500 km. (2,800 miles).
Very similar in design, dimensions and appearance to the Boeing C-17 Globemaster and Ilyushin IL-76, the Y-20 was built to fill the roles of strategic airlift, paratroop transport, and heavy airdrop missions. It is slightly larger than the IL-76, yet smaller that a C-17. With the C-17 no longer being produced by Boeing, having halted production in 2015, the Y-20 is now the largest military transport aircraft currently in production.
As China makes a concerted effort to secure its strategic interests both close to home, and as far away as the Horn of Africa, a viable strategic airlift capability is seen as essential. With a reported short takeoff ability of 700 meters (435 feet), the Y-20 can supply troops and supplies to any of China’s island outposts in the South China Sea that have an airstrip, such as Woody Island, Fiery Cross Reef, Mischief Reef or Subi Reef. Any military operations in response to territorial incursions on the part of other claimants to disputed territories in the region that required invading and occupying land would greatly depend on sufficient strategic airlift support. With tensions between China and the Philippines significantly lessened with the new Duterte administration, and cordial relations with Malaysia and Brunei, the likelihood of such a scenario has greatly reduced since last summer.
The aircraft can also greatly aid the PLA in maintaining the new military base at Doraleh, Djibouti. The new military base is located just eight miles from Camp Lemonnier, the largest U.S. military facility on the continent of Africa, and will serve as a logistics base capable of supporting Chinese maritime interests in the Indian Ocean, The Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf. The Japanese Self Defense Forces also operate a small logistics support center adjacent to Camp Lemonnier, and will apparently be expanding this facility in response the Chinese project.
The question of Taiwan, and any future attempt to retake it by force of arms, would require a massive amphibious and airlift commitment. China lacks both at present, but as Southfront has diligently documented recently, the PLA and PLAN have greatly expanded and modernized their amphibious warfare capabilities. Any invasion of Taiwan would require not only a sizeable amphibious armada, but a substantial strategic airlift effort. The acquisition of up to a thousand Y-20s goes a long way towards building the nucleus of such a force. Source southfront.org
Photo 81.com
Other features include a four-crew glass cockpit with two HUDs and five large MFDs. A small FLIR (Enhanced Vision System/EVS) is installed below the forward windshield to assist taking off and landing under poor weather conditions.
Y-20 HUD – chinese-military-aviation.blogspot.com
A dorsal SATCOM antenna is also seen behind the wings. The aircraft also features an FBW system. Overall Y-20A appears fatter and shorter than Il-76MD, bearing some resemblance to Japanese C-2 and Ukrainian An-70 transport. This suggests that its cargo bay dimension is a wider and taller, making it more versatile by being able to to carry a variety of oversize load, including ZBD-03 AFVs (at least 3) and one ZTZ99 MBT.
Y-20 cargo bay
In addition a stretched variant is thought to be under development with a larger cargo space. The prototypes and the initial batch are powered by Russian D-30KP-2/WS-18 turbofan, later by the modified WS-10 (WS-20 Huanghe?) high-bypass turbofan (as Y-20B?). A static test airframe was seen in December 2016 featuring modified engine pylons. Y-20A is also expected to be converted into a tanker replacing the obsolete H-6U. It will also serve as the platform of the next generation AWACS (KJ-3000?) replacing KJ-2000. It was also rumored that the aircraft might serve as the testbed for the Chinese airborne laser weapon prototype similar to American YAL-1. Source chinese-military-aviation.blogspot.com
KJ-3000, next generation of early warning aircraft picture
KJ-3000, next generation of early warning aircraft is most likely to adopt antenna and fuselage integrated patch radar.
The idea of using KJ-3000 patch type radar, chassis nature is shipped on Y-20 large transport aircraft.(source: flying, Lu small) Source errymath.blogspot.com
‘Chubby Girl’s’ sister to boost China’s military capability
A refueling version of the Y-20 cargo plane will extend the reach of PLAAF aircraft and pierce the Pacific’s Second Island Chain to threaten US allies
China is looking to increase its air tanker fleet after its fighter jets, bombers and surveillance aircraft conducted an “island encirclement patrol” of Taiwan earlier this week.
As the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) extends exercises in the Western Pacific, refueling will become a problem for its strike aircraft.
The People’s Daily has already confirmed that the PLA’s Northern Theater Command will organize war-games to prepare pilots for more aerial refueling missions. But to do this, China will need to increase its air tanker fleet.
Yin Zhuo, a PLA Rear Admiral-turned military commentator, told the state broadcaster CCTV that a squadron of H-6K Badger bombers were capable of piercing the Second Island Chain after aerial refueling.
He was referring to the strategic containment line in the Pacific, which runs along the Ogasawara Islands and Volcano Islands of Japan, as well as the Mariana Islands, a United States territory.
Yin’s comments triggered speculation that the air tanker fleet could get an enhanced version of the new Y-20, which was brought into service as a cargo plane in 2013, and is known as “Chubby Girl”.
Reworked as a refueling workforce, it would take over from the 12 1950s-era H-6U tankers, which are too small to support long-distance air combat.
“Assuming air superiority within the first island chain and farther east of Taiwan, the combination of Y-20 aerial refueling and the H-6K bombers’ long-range missiles, puts the United States and partner forces operating outside the Second Island Chain, such as Alaska and Hawaii, at risk,” The National Interest magazine, which covers international affairs, reported, citing David Barr, a career intelligence officer with the US Navy’s Pacific Fleet.
Developed by the state-owned Aviation Industry Corp of China, the Y-20 has a bulky fuselage, hence the “Chubby Girl” nickname, a shoulder wing and heavy-duty retractable landing gear,
The aircraft’s maximum takeoff weight is 242 tons and has four D-30KP-2 engines. The tanker version being developed would carry 110 tons of fuel, enough to refuel 20 J-10 fighters, according to Yin.
In addition, the PLAAF has been conducting exercises with its upgraded H-6K bomber, including aerial refueling. Source atimes.com
Antonov’s participation in the development of the Y-20?: Here
Excerpt
On the forum ” forcesdz “, a member raised the question of the Xian Aircraft Corporation Y-20 Kunpeng as a “Chinese design” heavy military transport aircraft : it reproduced a number of documents published on a Russian forum that apparently concern a device quite similar to the Chinese plane.
I think it is useful to recall the stages of relations between Antonov and certain Chinese manufacturers and / or decision makers, which have never ceased since 1959 when Ukrainian specialists from OKB-153 (Antonov) help the Chinese to launch the production of the An-2 under Soviet license. But in this article will be considered only the relations since 2000 regarding the development of transport aircraft including a heavy transport aircraft , whose acronym has been HTA (Heavy Transport Aircraft) .
The perspective of the characteristics of the aircraft mentioned in the document of Antonov, the Tяжелого Tранспортного Cамолета (literally Heavy Transport Aircraft) shows the state of progress of the joint work of the Chinese and Ukrainian teams:
Comparison of the Antonov AN-70, the “TTC” HTA and the final version of the Y-20
China has confirmed series production of the Xian Y-20 “Kunpeng” strategic airlifter and a re-engining with domestically produced turbofans. Chinese state television announced the news at the same time as the go-ahead for production of the Y-20 stealth fighter was revealed.
Speaking to the Chinese media on the sidelines of the recent Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Y-20 design chief Tang Chang Hong said that after eight months of operational trials, the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) is pleased with the airlifter. Tang revealed that a timetable is in place to install domestic engines for the Y-20 by next year or 2019. Currently the aircraft is powered by four Russian Soloviev D-30KP2 turbofans, producing 10.5 tonnes of thrust.
Chinese-made Shenyang-Liming WS-20 engines will produce 14 metric tons (30,864 lbs) of thrust, and thereby enable the Y-20 to achieve its maximum payload of 66 metric tons (146 lbs). Touted as China’s most powerful engine, the WS-20 has been flight-tested on an IL-76 testbed since 2014.
China Aviation News reported in 2016 that Xi’an Aircraft Industrial Corporation has the capacity to produce more than 20 Y-20 annually. However, the production line is not meeting its full potential this year due to the limited number of D-30 deliveries and the uncertainty of the WS-20 re-engining program.
“The successful development of the Y-20 is a testament to Chinese industry’s ability to produce large scale, high-end equipment and the mastery of technology by the Chinese scientist and researchers.” Tang said. “The Y-20 is a good starting point and will enable us to produce larger and more ‘important’ aircraft projects.” He also noted that a civilian variant of the Y-20 will be developed.
The Chinese media revealed in early March that the Y-20 could be used as a carrier for China’s air-launched rocket system. The head of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Li Tong Yu, said his agency has developed a new generation of air-launched space vehicle capable of delivering 100 kg (220 lbs) of payload into low-orbit. The Y-20 will be used to air-launch the rocket. A variant with a payload up to 200 kg (440 lbs) is under development.
Li highlighted that China in recent years has been developing numerous small satellites. Deploying them via conventional rockets would be costly, and the Y-20 will aim to solve that problem. Source ainonline.com
Engines and performance
zen.yandex.ru
The power plant of the Y-20 prototypes integrates four D-30KP-2 turbofan engines, whereas the production aircraft is equipped with WS-20 engines. WS-20 is the most powerful aircraft engine developed by China.
The engine develops a power output of 14t and offers a higher bypass ratio for fuel efficiency. It will replace the less powerful and less efficient Russian D-30KP, which generates 10.5t of thrust. The WS-20 turbofan underwent trail on Il-76 test aircraft during 2014-2015. The aerial testing was concluded in 2015, paving the way for service entry on Y-20 aircraft.
The Y-20 aircraft can perform missions in adverse weather conditions and can also land at small airports in mountainous regions.
D-30KP-2 turbofan engines
D-30КU/КP – family of the turbofan engines for commercial and cargo / transport aircraft. Design features
• 3 stages low pressure compressor
• 11 stages high pressure compressor
• cannular combustor (12 flame tubes)
• 2 stages high pressure turbine
• 4 stages low pressure turbine
Application
• D-30KP and D-30KP-2 for Ilyushin-76/78 cargo / transport aircraft family
• D-30KU and D-30KU-2 for Ilyushin-62M long- / middle-range commercial jets
• D-30KU-154 for Tupolev-154M middle-range commercial jets
Specification
Engine
D-30КU-154
D-30КU-2
D-30КP-2
Thrust at APR*, kgf
–
–
–
Take-off thrust, kgf
10 500
11 000
12 000
Specific fuel consumption at take-off, kg/(kgf∙hr)
0.498
0.498
0.510
Specific fuel consumption at cruise, kg/(kgf∙hr)**
0.715
0.685
0.705
Bypass ratio
2.50
2.31
2.24
Dimensions (L x D), m
5.698 x 1.560
5.698 x 1.560
5.448 x 1.560
* – automatic power reserve
** – (H=11 000 m, M=0.8)
Source npo-saturn.ru
WS-20 engines
With a power output of 14 tons, the WS-20 will replace the less powerful and less efficient Russian D-30KP, which has only 10.5 tons of thrust. The WS-20 turbofan has been flying on this Il-76 test aircraft since 2014, and it’s likely that aerial testing will wrap up in late 2015.
China has made progress in replacing foreign engines for its fighter programs, but it still relies on the D-30KP turbofan to power subsonic aircraft such as the Y-20 heavy transport and H-6K bomber. The WS-20 is believed to derive its engine core from the WS-10A turbofan engine, which powers the Shenyang J-11B and J-16 strike fighters.
china-arms.com
The WS-20 entering into Chinese service would provide performance boosts to the Y-20, increasing its payload to 66 tons from the prototype’s 50 tons. That would give China the ability to fly heavy battle tanks and missile launchers across the Asian continent, as well as a larger Y-20-based aerial tanker. The WS-20 could also be a domestic powerplant for military derivatives of the C919 jetliner, which would be used for airborne warning and control, and anti-submarine missions. Source popsci.com
近日，中国试飞院一架试机试飞照曝光，其中悬挂在一侧的发动机为我国国产的大涵道比涡扇发动机WS-20。这是该型发动机首次亮相，未来将装备运-20。WS-20 (left) installed on the wing of a test flight
4 × WS-20 powered Y-20 made maiden flight
dafeng cao
Landing gear
Cook Lee
The aircraft is equipped with a retractable landing gear comprising two main landing gear units and a nose unit. Each of the two main units on either side of under-fuselage features six wheels, which are arranged in a two-two-two layout from front-to back.
The steerable nose gear includes a standard twin-wheel leg unit. The landing gear allows take-offs and landings on rough airfields or unpaved runways.
Photo 81.com
Specification
Role
Strategic airlifter
National origin
People Republic of China
Manufacturer
Xi’an Aircraft Industrial Corporation
First flight
26 January 2013
Introduction
26 December 2015
Number built
8
Unit cost
Crew
3: pilot, copilot & load master
Capacity
Payload
66 tonnes
Length
47 m
Wingspan
45 m
Height
15 m
Wing area
330 m²
Empty weight
100,000 kg
Max. takeoff weight
220,000 kg
Powerplant
4 × turbofans
Fuel capacity
Cruise speed
Mach 0.75
Range
4,500 km with max payload ; 7800 km with 40 tons ; 10,000+ km with paratroops.
The two Absalon Class vessels, built by Odense Steel Shipyard for the Danish Navy, are flexible support ships (combat support ships). The ships can be equipped for naval warfare, land attack, strategic sealift missions or as a command platform. They can also be configured as hospital ships or for emergency disaster relief.
HDMS Esbern Snare (L17)
HDMS Absalon (L16) was launched in February 2004 and commissioned into the Royal Danish Navy in July 2004. The second of class, Esbern Snare (L17), was launched in June 2004 and commissioned in February 2005.
Weapon and combat system acceptance trials concluded with a test firing of the evolved Sea Sparrow missile (ESSM) in May 2008 to be followed by entry into service by the end of 2008.
HDMS Absalon (L16)
The installation and integration of the ship’s combat systems is managed by the Danish Naval Materiel Command (NMC) at the Korsoer Naval Base, except for the mk45 mod 4 gun which was installed during the construction of the ship by Odense Steel Shipyard at Lindo.
Absalon Class combat support ship design
The Absalon Class has a full load displacement of 6,300t. The hull is 137m long, has a 19.5m maximum beam and a 6.3m draught.
The ship design, with 16 watertight sections or compartments and two airtight bulkheads, incorporates survivability and damage limitation features including dual redundancy, automated damage control zones, damage detectors and smoke zones. The ship’s on-board battle damage and control system continuously monitors the status of the ship and incorporates a closed circuit television observation system with more than 50 cameras, fire fighting installations, sensors and alarms, a load and stability computer.
A roll-on roll-off ramp installed at the stern of the ship accesses the flex deck (flexible deck). The flex deck, providing 915m², and 250m of parking lanes, is about 90m long. The reinforced deck can embark vehicles up to 62t such as the Leopard II main battle tank.
The ship design incorporates stealth characteristics for low acoustic, radar, visual and infrared signatures. Shock protection and isolation are to STANAG 4142, 4137 and 4549. Parts of the hull are armour protected to STANAG 4569 standard. Manned areas are protected against nuclear biological and chemical warfare to STANAG 4447.
Command and control
The ship has a Terma C-Flex Combat management and Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence system (C4I). Systematic and Terma developed the software for the C-Flex and Maersk Data Defence was contracted for the development and supply of the hardware and system consoles.
Bridge
The C-Flex system uses the T-Core common operational environment configured with a layered architecture.
The ship has over 20 multifunction consoles equipped with large screen displays and workstations. Digitised video imagery data from the radars and sensor suite is distributed on a TCP/IP network. The ship is fitted with a 1G Ethernet TCP/IP local area network for data transfer.
Terma C-Flex Combat management multifunction consoles
The communications suite includes tactical data links Link 11, Link 16, civil and military satellite communications operating in EHF, SHF and UHF bands, voice communications in VHF and UHF bands, civil and commercial communications, and video teleconferencing. Antenna stations are installed for use by army, air force or special forces.
In August 2008, Terma was awarded a contract to supply a multi-link system (MLS) which will interface to the C-Flex combat system and allow the future integration of Link 22.
Weapons
The ship has five standard flex container wells in the weapons deck in the mid section of the ship. The standard weapons container fit for the ship will be two modules for the Harpoon surface-to-surface missile and three modules for the Evolved Sea Sparrow surface-to-air missiles.
Harpoon surface-to-surface missile launchers
Harpoon Block II
Two modules each carry eight Harpoon Block II surface-to-surface missiles.
The three modules for the surface-to-air missiles will each carry a 12-cell mk6 vertical launcher allowing the ship to carry 36 RIM-162 Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSM). The CEROS 200 fire control system provides radar homing illumination. The ship is fitted with four Flexfire radar and electro-optical trackers.
CEROS 200 fire control system
CEROS 200 fire control systemModular weapons area aboard Absalon; a total of 8 Harpoon Block II and 12 ESSMs onboard at this timeWeapons modules
RIM-162 Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow
RIM-162 Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSM)2 Stinger Point-defence SAM (wikiwand.com)7 x 12.7 mm M/01 LvSa HMG seen here covered up
The ship will be armed with the Eurotorp MU 90 lightweight torpedo and a twin or triple torpedo launcher on both sides of the weapons deck.
Eurotorp MU 90 lightweight torpedo
Eurotorp MU 90 lightweight torpedo The MU90 is a NATO-standard-calibre (323,7mm) fire-and-forget LWT of 304 Kg and 2850 mm length, designed to counter any type of nuclear or conventional submarine, acoustically coated, fast-evasive, deploying active or passive anti-torpedo effectors. The torpedo can be deployed from surface vessels, fixed/rotary wing aircraft or missile. Pre-arrangements to cope with submarine-launched SLAAM threats have been incorporated in the weapon as well as Hard-Kill (anti-torpedo torpedo), continental shelf mine and submarine launching capability. Designed and built with outstanding technologies, the weapon features any-task any-environment capability. MU90 TORPEDO MAIN DYNAMIC FEATURES ,Minimum speed: 29Kts, Maximum speed: >50Kts, Speed change step: 1Kts, Max to Min Speed change time: 3 seconds, Range: 11,000m at maximum speed, and 23,000 at minimum speed. (naval-technology.com)
The ship can carry up to 300 mines and can be fitted with containerised mine laying rails.
The ship has two Close-In-Weapon Systems (CIWS), the Oerlikon Contraves Millenium, 35mm naval gun system (GDM-008), one to the front of the bridge and one on the roof of the hangar. Millenium can fire the 35mm Ahead Air Burst Munition, at 1,000 rounds a minute. Each round contains 152 3.3g sub-projectiles, fired at a velocity of 1,050m/sec. Millenium is effective at over 3.5km for aircraft / helicopters, 2km for guided missiles / cruise missiles and 1.2km for anti-radiation missiles.
Oerlikon Contraves Millenium, 35mm naval gun system
Image – seaforces.orgTwo Close-In-Weapon Systems (CIWS), the Oerlikon Contraves Millenium, 35mm naval gun system (GDM-008), one to the front of the bridge and one on the roof of the hangar127mm 62 mk45 mod 4 gun main gun and Oerlikon Contraves Millenium, 35mm naval gun system
Under a contract awarded in October 2002, a BAE Systems Land & Armaments (formerly United Defense) 127mm 62 mk45 mod 4 gun provides naval fire support capability. The gun will be capable of firing the newly developed Extended-Range Guided Munitions (ERGM) such as the EX-171 ER which will have a range of over 100km with an accuracy of less than 20m.
Extended-Range Guided Munitions (ERGM)
Countermeasures
The ship is fitted with six Terma decoy launchers managed by a launch control computer. Four 12-barrelled Terma DL-12T 130mm launchers are installed on both sides of the bridge and the hangar. Two six-barrel DL-6T launchers are installed on the aft of the hangar.
Terma DL-12T 130mm launchers
Four 12-barrelled Terma DL-12T 130mm launchers and Two six-barrel DL-6T launchers
In September 2005, EDO Corporation was awarded a contract to provide the ES 3701 tactical radar Electronic Support Measures (ESM) and surveillance system for the Absalon vessels.
ITT ES-3701 Electronic Warfare System (all photos : ITT)
The equipment includes the ITT ES-3701-02S system for the detection and identification of radars
ES 3701 tactical radar Electronic Support Measures (ESM) and surveillance system
Aircraft
The helicopter hangar can accommodate two EH101 helicopters. The 850m² flight deck, which is rated for take-off and landings of helicopters up to 20t such as the Boeing CH-47D Chinook, is equipped with a McTaggart Scott helicopter landing system and a Harpoon deck lock.
A closer look at the 0.50 cal (12.7mm) M3M heavy MG aboard the Super Lynx Mk.90B
McTaggart Scott helicopter landing system
Elevator access is available between the flight deck and the flex deck. For non-helicopter operations the flight deck can be used for cargo containers.
Insertion craft
The ship is equipped for insertion of Special Operations Forces (SOF). The cargo deck carries two special forces insertion craft. The 7.4t 12m SRC-90E insertion craft are operated by a crew of two or three and can carry 1,800kg of equipment, up to nine passengers or four stretcher patients.
The craft are launched from the port stern by a monorail and crane system and can be launched and recovered while the ship is underway.
The Storebro Bruks SRC-90E is constructed of composite laminates using carbon fibre and vinyl ester resins. The water jet propulsion system gives a speed of over 40kt.
Sensors
The ship has a Thales Naval Netherlands SMART-S mk2 3D S-band multi-beam surveillance and target designation radar, with a range of 250km and up to 70° elevation, and a Saab Systems Ceros 200 mk3 fire control radar, operating in I to J band. The SMART-S mk2 was installed in HDMS Absalon in June 2007. The Terma Scanter 2001 X-band radar provides surface surveillance.
SMART-S mk2 3D S-band multi-beam surveillance and target designation radarCEROS 200 fire control systemTerma Scanter 2001 X-band radar provides surface surveillance.
The navigation suite includes navigation radars operating at X and S bands, supplied by Furuno Marine. The ship’s C4I system is linked to the electronic chart display information system. The navigation data is downloaded to the OSI display information system.
The ship is fitted with an Atlas Elektronik ASO 94-01 hull-mounted sonar.
Atlas Elektronik hull sonar
Accommodation
The Absalon class has a crew of 100. Permanent accommodation is also included for up to 70 additional personnel such as combined or joint task force headquarters staff. Container accommodation for an additional 130 forces personnel can be installed on the flex deck. The ship has galley and personnel facilities for up to 300 embarked passengers and crew.
A containerised modular hospital can be installed on the flex deck. The hospital has a throughput capacity to treat 40 emergency patients a day or up to ten major surgical operations.
Propulsion
Rockwell Automation supplied the ships’ integrated platform management system which includes the power management system. The ships are powered by two MTU 8000 diesel engines in a combined diesel and diesel configuration.
Tow MTU 8000 M70 diesel engines
Four auxiliary Caterpillar 3508B diesel engines
The engines are each rated at 8.31MW. The power system includes four auxiliary Caterpillar 3508B diesel engines each rated at 920kW and Van Kaick DSG 74 generators.
Van Kaick DSG 74 generators
The machinery spaces are insulated to maintain a low thermal signature and the machinery is installed on vibration isolation elastomeric mounts. Two shafts drive controllable pitch propellers.
Bow thrusters provide precision manoeuvrability for docking.
The ship has a maximum sustained speed of 23kt and carries stores and fuel for a mission endurance of 28 days. The maximum range between replenishments is 9,000nm. The ship is fitted with port and starboard, receive and transfer, replenishment-at-sea stations.
Source: naval-technology.com/harpgamer.com/from the net
The KongJing-2000 (KJ-2000) is the first airborne warning and control system (AWACS) in service with the PLA Air Force (PLAAF), with four examples commissioned between 2006~07.
The aircraft was based on the airframe of the Russian-made A-50/IL-76MD, but outfitted with an Chinese indigenous electronically steered phased-array (ESA) radar developed by Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (also known as 14 Institute). Xi’an Aircraft Corporation (XAC) was responsible for converting existing IL-76MD transport jets for the AWACS role.
A-50I Phalcon Programme
The KJ-2000 was a direct result of the failed A-50I Phalcon Programme. China started a three-way talk with Israel and Russia in 1994 for a possible purchase of advanced AWACS aircraft.
Under the proposal, Russia would provide four Beriev A-50 Mainstay airframes, which were to be fitted with the Phalcon airborne early warning (AEW) radar and other C3I system developed by Israeli Aircraft Industries Ltd (IAI). In May 1997, China, Israel, and Russia reached an agreement to supply one such AWACS aircraft under the designation A-50I for $250 million, with the option of three more for a total cost of $1 billion. In October 1999, Russia delivered the first A-50 aircraft to Israel for the installation of the Phalcon AEW radar system.
China salvaged this A-50I prototype from Israel via Russia in 2002 the Phalcon system removed – Image: chinese-military-aviation.blogspot.com
By May 2000, Israel had nearly completed the system installation. However, the Phalcon deal became an increasingly controversial issue between the United States and Israel. In 2000, the Clinton Administration voiced stronger objections to the sale and urged Israel to cancel the sale of the Phalcon, saying it is a system comparable to the U.S. AWACS and could collect intelligence and guide aircraft from 250 miles away. After some intensive talks, the Israeli government finally cancelled the deal with China in July 2000.
Chen Xiangyu
The fallout of the Phalcon deal was a major blow for China’s military modernisation programme. China reacted to the setback by starting a domestic programme to develop its own airborne early warning radar and relevant C3I systems. The Israeli-made Phalcon radar and other onboard electronic systems were retrieved from the unfinished A-50I, and the airframe was handed to China via Russia in 2002. Modifications on the airframe began in late 2002 to install the Chinese-made airborne radar system at XAC. A total of four planes were produced, with one based on the A-50I airframe (which can be identified by its nose-mounted aerial refuelling probe), and other three being converted using existing IL-76MD transports in service with the PLAAF. The conversation work was carried out by the XAC.
The AWACS aircraft designated KJ-2000 made its first flight in November 2003. Following some extensive flight testing at China Flight Test Establishment (CFTE) in Yanliang, Shaanxi Province and radar system testing at an airbase near Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, the aircraft entered operational service between 2006~07. A total of four examples (30071, 30072, 30073, and 30074) are being operated by the PLAAF 26th Air Division based in the eastern Zhejiang province near the Taiwan Strait.
The KJ-2000 has five flight crew and possibly 10~15 mission crew. The aircraft carries out patrol missions at an altitude of 5,000~10,000m. The maximum flight range of the aircraft is 5,000km and the flight endurance is 7 hours 40 minutes. At a range of 2,000km, the aircraft can remain on patrol for up to 1 hour 25 minutes.
Chen Xiangyu
The A-50 airframe, developed and manufactured by the Beriev Aircraft Research and Engineering Complex Joint Stock Company based at Taganrog in the Rostov Region of Russia, was derived from the Ilyushin IL-76 jet transport aircraft, distinguished by the large, non-rotate radome containing the phased-array radar antenna; the solid nose replacing the original ‘glass-in’ nose, and a large number of electronic system antennas on the front section of the fuselage.
Radar
airwar.ru
The primary radar system housed in the radome is an three-sided electronically steered phased-array (ESA) developed by Nanjing-based 14 institute. Unlike the Russian A-50 or U.S. E-3, which rotate their rotodomes to give a 360 degree coverage, the KJ-2000’s radar antenna does not rotate. Instead, three ESA antenna modules are placed in a triangular configuration inside the round radome to provide a 360 degree coverage.
The Chinese-made radar system could be similar in design to the IAI Phalcon, but may not be as capable as the latter. The Phalcon system could track up to 60~100 targets at the same time and guide a dozen fighters in all-weather, day and night operations. Source airforce-technology.com
Assessing the Tikhomirov NIIP L-Band Active Electronically Steered Array | Air Power Australia:Here
“….Chinese KJ-2000 and KJ-200 AEW&C/AWACS radars, all operate in the L-band….
Why has the L-band been so popular? With operating wavelengths of the order of 6 to 12 inches, it permits good long range search performance with modestly sized antennas, while providing excellent weather penetration, and reasonably well behaved ground clutter environments compared to shorter wavelength bands. In airborne radar applications, L-band offers an additional economy, as a single L-band design can combine conventional primary radar functions with secondary IFF/SSR functions, thus saving considerable antenna and transmitter/receiver hardware weight, cooling and volume. The latter are alone sufficient reasons to employ this otherwise heavily congested band.
Another less frequently discussed consideration is that L-band frequencies typically sit below the design operating frequencies of stealth shaping features in many fighter aircraft and UAV designs. Shaping features such as engine inlet edges, exhaust nozzles, and other details become ineffective at controlled scattering once their size is comparable to that of the impinging radar waves. This problem is exacerbated by the skin effect in resistive and magnetic materials, which at these wavelengths often results in penetration depths incompatible with thin coatings or shallow structures.
It was therefore not surprising that during the 2000/2001 Australian media debate over the Wedgetail AEW&C aircraft, US participants were quick to vocally argue the ‘counter-stealth’ capability of the Wedgetail’s L-band AESA radar design.” Source asiawind.com
The Taifun-M is a new Russian armored reconnaissance vehicle. It was developed specially for the Russian strategic missile forces. Development commenced in 2007. In Russia the Taifun-M is designated as anti-diversion vehicle. It is a new class of vehicles. The Taifun-M is intended to escort mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles in order to prevent enemy ambushes. It can also protect silo-based ICBM launch sites. This reconnaissance vehicle can spot approaching enemy troops. It entered service with the Russian Army in 2013. First vehicle was delivered during the same year.
The new vehicle is based on on BTR-82 armored personnel carrier. The original Taifun was under developed since late 1990s. It was planned to be based on the BTR-80 APC. However it never appeared due to prolonged development.
This reconnaissance vehicle is armed only with remotely-controlled 7.62-mm machine gun. There are some firing ports with associated periscopes provided for the crew to fire their individual weapons.
Remotely-controlled 7.62-mm machine gun
Vehicle is fitted with a mast-mounted radar, FLIR and optical sensors. Some sources report that it can spot enemy vehicles at a range of 6 km and enemy troops at a range of 3 km. Reconnaissance equipment can be controlled by commander or operator.
The Taifun-M also carries a small unmanned aerial vehicle. In traveling order unmanned aerial vehicle is stored inside the box on top of the roof. It is used to monitor large areas.
Unmanned aerial vehicle stored inside the box on top of the roof
Vehicle is also fitted with a portable mine detector. Furthermore the Taifun-M is equipped with a system, that suppresses radio-controlled explosive devices.
NR-900 EK designed for detection of mines and explosive device with electronic fuses (activation system) concealed on the ground surface, slightly in the ground (snow), under the road pavement and within various facilities.
NR-900 EK
NR-900 EK Detects:
communicational transmitters & receivers as well as alarm and remote control system facilities;
electronic and electromechanical timers;
acoustic, magnetic, optoelectronic sensors and midget TV cameras;
built-in metal-ware as well as hidden machinery and appliances;
domestic electronic units and alpine skiing in snow traps.
NR-900 EK application possibilities:
roads, terrain and objects inspection for mines, improvised explosive devices (IED) and other explosive appliances with electronic components;
searching for hidden caches with weapons, ammunition, explosive devices and communication facilities;
questioned items investigation, searching for subversive and terrorist devices and arrangements.
Main features:
extended detection range;
electronic facilities localization in any operational mode: active, ‘stand-by’ or even switched off installed behind walls, fences, etc.
equipment design allows its usage in tactical airborne missions;
efficient use in search/reconnaissance missions;
high searching rate;
safe to handle, user-friendly design;
extended continuous operational time without battery replacement;
long-term operation facility in field conditions. Source sekotech.com
Technical Specifications:
Probing signal type
pulse
Receiver
2-channel (2nd and 3rd harmonics)
Output power
0,15 / 200 W (average / peak)
User interface
LED display
Audio output
headphones
Power supply
Ni-Cad battery, 6V/7Ah
Start-up time
no more than 5 min
Continous operation time
(normal enviroment condition)
not less than 8 h
Operation temperature
-30ºC…+50ºC
Weight (ready for operation/in standard packing)
5.1kg/12.0kg
This armored reconnaissance vehicle has a welded steel armor hull. Front arc provides protection against 12.7-mm armor-piercing rounds. All-round protection is against 7.62-mm rounds. Interior is lined with Kevlar anti-spall liner. Vehicle has a double hull for improved protection against landmines. It is fitted with automatic fire suppression and NBC protection systems.
Vehicle has a crew of about four men, including commander, driver, gunner and unmanned aerial vehicle operator. It seems that vehicle can carry three more scouts. Soldiers enter and leave the vehicle via side doors or roof hatches.
This reconnaissance vehicle is powered by KamAZ 740.14-300 turbocharged diesel engine, developing 300 hp. It is a commercially available truck engine. Engine is located at the rear.
KamAZ 740.14-300 turbocharged diesel engine
Vehicle also has auxiliary power unit, which powers all systems and charges the batteries, when the main engine is turned off. Vehicle is fitted with a central tyre inflation system. The Taifun-M is fully amphibious. On water it is propelled by a waterjet.
Source: deagel.com/military-today.com/trash-russia.com/from the net
A small version of the Russian-Indian cruise missile Brahmos can be launched from submarine torpedo tubes, CEO of the Machine-Building Scientific and Production Association Alexander Leonov said on Friday. The Machine-Building Scientific and Production Association is taking part in developing the Brahmos missile.
Scale model of Brahmos launched from a submarine VLS at INDODEFENCE 2012
“Unlike the Brahmos missile, its version is a little smaller and can be located in a torpedo tube,” the CEO said. According to Leonov, an aircraft version of the Brahmos missile is also being developed, which will allow Russian-made Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter jets making up the mainstay of India’s Air Force to carry more cruise missiles.
As of today, a Su-30MKI fighter jet can be armed with only one Brahmos missile. Leonov confirmed the information that future Indian-made submarines would be armed with Brahmos cruise missiles. “The Indian Defense Ministry is planning to provide future submarines with Brahmos missiles,” the CEO said.
India on Wednesday became the first country in the world to fire a supersonic cruise missile vertically from an underwater platform. The submarine-launched version of BrahMos was successfully test-fired for first time from an underwater platform off the Visakhapatnam coast. Source newindianexpress.com
Maiden Launch Of Submarine-Launched BrahMos-1 Supersonic MRCM
BrahMos Aerospace, the India-Russia JV operational since February 1998, created history when the submarine-launched version of the BrahMos-1 vertically-launched supersonic multi-role cruise missile was successfully test-fired at 1410 hours on March 20, 2013 from a submerged, stabilised and stationary platform (the same that was used for test-firing the B-O5/K-15 SLBM on January 27, 2013) in the Bay of Bengal off the coast of Visakhapatnam.
The missile took off vertically from its submerged cannister and attained its full range of 290km. Following a pre-programmed flight trajectory, the missile emerged from underwater and took a vectored turn towards the designated target. All the shore-based and shipborne telemetry and tracking stations confirmed the pin-point accuracy of the mission. This was reportedly the first time that any supersonic multi-role cruise missile had been launched vertically from a submerged, stabilised and stationary platform. When vertically installed in vertical cannisters within the pressure-hull of a nuclear-powered SSGN, the BrahMos-1 increases the ‘offensive power’ of the SSGN without compromising on the SSGN’s ‘defensive power’ as the torpedo tubes can be fully utilised for engaging in undersea warfare while operating in the self-seeking hunter-killer mode.
Air Force One is the designation of any airplane that serves the President of the United States government. The same planes are used by the vice-president but are called Air Force Two when he is aboard. The presidential fleet consists of two customized Boeing 747-200B aircraft (military designation VC-25A) called SAM 28000 and 29000.
The name Air Force One was established after an incident in 1953, when Eastern Airlines flight 8610 crossed paths with the president’s plane, then called Air Force 8610, although the Air Force One name was not made official until 1962.
In 1990, the two Boeing 747 (VC-25A) aircraft used today were delivered (having been ordered by Ronald Reagan). The same livery was used, but the interiors were selected by Mrs. Reagan.
A new Air Force One is scheduled to go into service in 2017. The likely candidates are a Boeing 747-8 and a Boeing 787.
The tail cone of Air Force One bristles with defensive systems at Patrick Air Force Base, Fla., in June 2012. Photo and annotations by John GourleyMulti-purpose conformal antennas are almost flush against the fuselage side of this VC-25A presidential aircraft at Patrick Air Force Base, Fla., in June 2012. Photo and annotations by John Gourley
Not new to the VC-25A:
About five AN/ALQ-204 Matador infrared (IR) countermeasures devices are located at the tail and behind the four engines, Previously used on the VC-137C (Boeing 707-320B) presidential aircraft and on airliners and executive aircraft, the device emits pulsed IR signals to foil attacks by heat-seeking missiles.
AN/ALQ-204 Matador infrared (IR) countermeasure
Thought to be new or recent additions to the VC-25A:
An AN/AAR-54(V) missile launch warning receiver located at the tail is intended to report and track missile threats by zeroing in on their ultraviolet exhaust signature. The receiver is also in use on special-operations warplanes like the MC-130H Combat Talon II.
AN/AAR-54(V) missile launch warning receiver
The AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis Directional Infra-Red Counter Measures (DIRCM) system, which can be directed by the AAR-54, fires pulsating flashes of IR energy that confuse a missile’s guidance system.
AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis Directional Infra-Red Counter Measures (DIRCM) system
Conformal antennas: the VC-25As have been retrofitted with multi-purpose conformal antennas adaptable to satellite communications systems and other purposes. They resemble Band-Aids or patches but are, in fact, antennas that appear to have no effect on the aerodynamic performance of the 747.
The USAF has a deal in the works to turn a pair of Boeing 747 jetliners abandoned by a bankrupt Russian airline into the next presidential transport. Here’s what they look like.
Under pressure from President Donald Trump to cut the costof the next Air Force Ones, the U.S. Air Force is finalizing a deal with Boeing to purchase two undelivered 747s in storage in the Mojave desert.
White House cut in-flight refueling on next Air Force One:Here
Excerpt
It was a White House decision to cut in-flight refueling on the next Air Force One, a decision that might be challenged by Congress, according to an exchange Tuesday on Capitol Hill.
The revelation came during a Senate Armed Services Committee confirmation hearing for Marine Corps Gen. Joseph F. Dunford, who was nominated to serve another term as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The Air Force announced in August that it would purchase two existing Boeing 747s to replace the two aging VC-25A aircraft that serve as Air Force One now. The aircraft will be modified with military communications systems and self-defense capabilities.
At the time, the Air Force said it would not require that the aircraft have in-flight refueling capabilities. The modifications are expected to be completed around 2024.
0.1663 – United States of America
0.1865 – Russia
0.2318 – China
0.2698 – India
0.2747 – United Kingdom
0.3069 – France
0.3098 – South Korea
0.3507 – Germany
0.3841 – Japan
0.4339 – Turkey
0.4976 – Israel
0.5238 – Indonesia
0.5285 – Australia
0.5627 – Canada
0.5673 – Taiwan
0.5744 – Italy
0.6131 – Pakistan
0.6214 – Egypt
0.6696 – Poland
0.6837 – Thailand
0.7033 – Vietnam
0.7071 – Brazil
0.7614 – Iran
0.8075 – Sweden
0.8218 – Ukraine
_in_2014.JPG)
Mk38 25mm gun remote control station
Fly bye: the F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter could become an outdated weapon 
weibo.com, tiexue.net, cdjby.net – Divine Eagle -The Divine Eagle is a low observable, high altitude UAV meant detect stealth aircraft at long ranges, using special purpose radars. This low resolution photo shows that similar to the port (left) side seen in the next photo below, the starboard (right) side of the fuselage is also colored grey.
Blitzo at China Defense Forum – Divine Eagle – By using the single deck bus in the background (probably 3.2 meters tall, like most buses of its type) as a very crude visual yardstick, a very rough comparison suggests that the Divine Eagle is about 6 meters tall, and 15 meters long (since most high altitude large UAVs have a wingspan to body length ratio of 2.5:1 to 3:1, the wingspan of the Divine Eagle is likely its be 35 to 45 meters across). With a maximum take off weight of at least 15 tons, the Divine Eagle is the world’s largest UAV, edging out the RQ-4 Global Hawk.
Iron Eagle via Weibo – Color in the Eagle – This CGI offers a view of the differing yellow, green and grey blue primer coatings on the Divine Eagle suggest the usage of different materials like composite and aluminum alloys for different sections of the UAV. For example, the grey blue forward dome on the port (left) body is likely to contain a satellite dish for long distance communications, while the grey blue sections on the twin bodied fuselage likely house radar arrays.
Hongjian via China Defense Forum – Divine Eagle Hunts – The offensive applications of the Divine Eagle are demonstrated here, as two Divine Eagles mark out not just the enemy aircraft carrier, but also its escorting warships and aviation wing, while vectoring friendly aircraft and ships into combat. One presumes that the Divine Eagle would also be able to find targets for the infamous DF-21D anti-ship ballistic missile.
HDMS Esbern Snare (L17) 
HDMS Absalon (L16)
Bridge
Terma C-Flex Combat management multifunction consoles
Harpoon surface-to-surface missile launchers
CEROS 200 fire control system
Modular weapons area aboard Absalon; a total of 8 Harpoon Block II and 12 ESSMs onboard at this time
Weapons modules 
RIM-162 Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSM)
2 Stinger Point-defence SAM (wikiwand.com)
7 x 12.7 mm M/01 LvSa HMG seen here covered up
Image – seaforces.org
Two Close-In-Weapon Systems (CIWS), the Oerlikon Contraves Millenium, 35mm naval gun system (GDM-008), one to the front of the bridge and one on the roof of the hangar
127mm 62 mk45 mod 4 gun main gun and Oerlikon Contraves Millenium, 35mm naval gun system 
Four 12-barrelled Terma DL-12T 130mm launchers and Two six-barrel DL-6T launchers
A closer look at the 0.50 cal (12.7mm) M3M heavy MG aboard the Super Lynx Mk.90B
SMART-S mk2 3D S-band multi-beam surveillance and target designation radar
CEROS 200 fire control system
Terma Scanter 2001 X-band radar provides surface surveillance.
Atlas Elektronik hull sonar
Tow MTU 8000 M70 diesel engines
Four auxiliary Caterpillar 3508B diesel engines
China salvaged this A-50I prototype from Israel via Russia in 2002 the Phalcon system removed – Image: chinese-military-aviation.blogspot.com
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airwar.ru
4 × Soloviev D-30 KP turbofan, 117,68 kN (26,500 lbf) each
airwar.ru
Scale model of Brahmos launched from a submarine VLS at INDODEFENCE 2012
VC-25A staff room, looking back down corridor outside conference room 
VC-25A senior staff room 
VC-25A corridor outside conference room 
VC-25A president’s office 
The tail cone of Air Force One bristles with defensive systems at Patrick Air Force Base, Fla., in June 2012. Photo and annotations by John Gourley
Multi-purpose conformal antennas are almost flush against the fuselage side of this VC-25A presidential aircraft at Patrick Air Force Base, Fla., in June 2012. Photo and annotations by John Gourley
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businessinsider (via 
businessinsider (via 
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The 747-8 will be the Air Force One replacement to carry around the U.S. President – Image: Jon Ostrower
Thai Military and Asian Region 